The importance of shared environment in mother-infant attachment security: a behavioral genetic study

In a sample of 157 monozygotic and dizygotic twins, genetic and environmental influences on infant attachment and temperament were quantified. Only unique environmental or error components could explain the variance in disorganized versus organized attachment as assessed in the Ainsworth Strange Situation Procedure. For secure versus nonsecure attachment, 52% of the variance in attachment security was explained by shared environment, and 48% of the variance was explained by unique environmental factors and measurement error. The role of genetic factors in attachment disorganization and attachment security was negligible. Genetic factors explained 77% of the variance in temperamental reactivity, and unique environmental factors and measurement error explained 23%. Differences in temperamental reactivity were not associated with attachment concordance.     

全球化视野中的高等职业教育

21世纪初，面临经济全球化浪潮的风起云涌及我国加入WTO，我国的高等职业教育面临着一系列挑战。本从全球化的宽广视野出发，通过分析我国高等职业教育的现状和问题，提出了我国高等职业教育应对全球化浪潮的发展策略。     

Development of filial attachment to static visual features of an imprinting object

Three experiments investigated the fact that the static visual features of an imprinting object (its color, size, and shape characteristics, as represented by the object remaining stationary during its presentation) can gradually acquire control over filial behavior by virtue of their repeated spatial-temporal pairing with visual motion—an effect that has been interpreted as a process of classical conditioning. Experiment 1 found that the static features can acquire control if they are made conspicuous in some other, nonmovement way (i.e., by manipulating the relative illumination of the imprinting object). Further experiments then failed to find any qualitative difference between the behavioral control developed by conspicuous but static aspects of a duckling’s environment and the control developed by the static features of a moving object, either in terms of persistence of the acquired control (Experiment 2) or in terms of possible restrictions imposed by the sensitive period for imprinting (Experiment 3). Taken together, these results support the plausibility of a perceptual learning hypothesis, although the classical conditioning view was not itself contradicted. The present findings are also relevant to the broader issue of whether any valid distinctions exist between the behavioral control exerted by static aspects of a precocial bird’s environment and the control exerted by animate, presumably social stimuli.     

God's beliefs versus mother's: the development of nonhuman agent concepts

Little research exists on how children understand the actions of nonhuman agents. Researchers often assume that children overgeneralize and attribute human properties such as false beliefs to nonhuman agents. In this study, three experiments were conducted to test this assumption. The experiments used 24 children in New York (aged 2,11-6,11 years), 52 children in Michigan (aged 3,5-6,11 years), and a second group of 45 children in Michigan (3,4-8,5 years) from Christian backgrounds. In the first two experiments, children participated in false-belief tests in which they were asked about human and various nonhuman agents including animals and God. Experiment 3 consisted of a modified perspective-taking task, also including nonhuman agents. The results of the study suggest that children do not consistently use human agent concepts but instead can use different agent concepts for some nonhuman agents like God and special animals. Children are not bound to anthropomorphize, but they often do.     

文化哲学视野下的信息教育之透视

文化哲学是一种以人为本的世界观、方法论和思维方式。从文化哲学的角度来看,信息教育是信息文化继承和创生的过程。以文化为主线的信息教育嬗变过程本质上就是信息文化的内涵不断丰富,外延不断扩张的过程。信息教育要特别强调最一般、最丰富的信息文化的构建。     

论和谐社会视野下的和谐教育

构建社会主义和谐社会,是我们党从全面建设小康社会、开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面的全局出发提出的一项重大任务。教育的发展是实现社会和谐发展的重要途径。实施和谐教育的理论依据是人的全面发展。和谐教育的本质是以营造教育的和谐为出发点,通过教育的和谐,达到促进受教育者全面和谐发展的目的。     

Caregivers of quality: One mother's search for child care

Too often, guidelines for quality child care emphasize the physical site, the equipment, safety, and the staff-child ratio. However, to ensure high-quality child care for our children, the personal and professional attributes of quality caregivers must be considered. The most important caregiver attributes are discussed, as one mother describes her search for child care.     

Re/presenting intellectual subjectivity: gender and visual imagery in the field of higher education

Visual images of students and academics in the UK have traditionally featured men, reflecting the historical predominance of men in these positions. When women were represented, sexist imagery and traditional constructions of femininity were not uncommon. This article explores the ways in which students and academics are constructed in a selection of visual representations in two contemporary UK sources: in two videos aimed at potential students and in the Times Higher Education, a magazine for higher education professionals. Following a discussion of dominant constructions of intellectual subjectivity, I draw upon a feminist post-structuralist approach in the analysis of these visual images. Although women are now entering universities in greater numbers than ever before, I suggest that this visual iconography continues to inscribe culturally dominant constructions of femininity and masculinity, reaffirms a gender binary and reconstructs the serious intellectual subject as a masculine one.     

The relative effects of maternal and child problems on the quality of attachment: a meta-analysis of attachment in clinical samples.

In this meta-analysis of 34 clinical studies on attachment the hypothesis is tested that maternal problems such as mental illness lead to more deviating attachment classification distributions than child problems such as deafness. A correspondence analysis on 21 North American studies with normal subjects produced a baseline against which the clinical samples could be evaluated. Separate analyses were carried out on studies containing the traditional A, B, C classifications and on studies that also included the recently discovered D or A/C category. Results show that groups with a primary identification of maternal problems show attachment classification distributions highly divergent from the normal distributions, whereas groups with a primary identification of child problems show distributions that are similar to the distributions of normal samples. The introduction of the D or A/C classifications (about 15% in normal samples) reveals an overrepresentation of D or A/C in the child problem groups, but the resulting distribution still is much closer to the normal distributions compared to the samples with maternal problems. In clinical samples, the mother appears to play a more important role than the child in shaping the quality of the infant-mother attachment relationship.     

论建构主义学习理论视野下的创新教育

建构主义学习理论认为，知识仅是一种解释，但具有动态性；学生是学习的主体，学习是学生主动建构知识意义的过程，学习具有社会性和化性。在建构主义视野下实施创新教育，就是要更新教育理念，确立新的学习观；转变教师角色，唤醒学生的主体意识和创新意识；启发学生自主建构认知结构，培养学生的创新能力；创设良好的学习环境，塑造学生的创新人格。     

足球运动应重视视野能力的训练

足球运动中视野是非常重要的 ,它是足球技、战术得以发挥必须依赖的一项基础技术 .在足球训练和比赛时 ,由于运动员视野能力跟不上 ,往往影响足球技、战术合理的发挥与应用 ,也影响到足球运动水平的提高 .本文运用文献资料法结合教学训练比赛实际 ,对足球运动为什么应重视视野能力训练进行了分析 ,提出提高视野能力训练的方法 ,为我国足球运动水平的发展与教学质量的提高提供有益的参考     

和谐校园构建视野中的高校工会

高等院校在构建具有中国特色的社会主义和谐社会中发挥重大的作用,作为高校的重要职能部门之一,高校工会组织要准确定位自己在构建社会主义和谐校园中的具体功能和作用,充分发挥自己独特的作用。