运用血乳酸浓度对吉林省优秀男子短道速滑运动员训练强度的研究

通过对吉林省优秀短道速滑运动员在年训练周期中血乳酸的监控，探讨其训练强度的合理性。采用检测运动员运动后即刻的血乳酸并以此反映运动强度的现场测试方法。结果显示，运动员在冰期速度耐力训练后即刻的血乳酸浓度偏高，非冰期速度耐力训练后的血乳酸浓度偏低；冰期一般耐力(有氧耐力)训练后的血乳酸偏高，非冰期有氧耐力训练后的血乳酸偏低。结论：在提高速度耐力的训练手段中，运动强度安排不合理，导致了运动员的速度耐力不足，调整训练强度是今后训练方法中的重点。     

速度滑冰1500m运动员冰路结合期利用血乳酸指标监控自行车训练的研究

利用血乳酸指标对速度滑冰项目冰路结合期自行车训练进行训练负荷监控,为教练员的训练计划制定和执行提供科学依据,提高科学化训练的水平.在冰路结合期为速度滑冰运动员设计三种不同坡路与训练强度,测试三种坡路情况下运动员训练后的血乳酸数值,通过自行车爬坡训练中血乳酸变化情况与速度滑冰项目1 500 m比赛血乳酸指标进行对比,测算出与速度滑冰项目特点相符合的骑行强度.以运动员血乳酸变化与比较情况为依据,在冰路结合期训练中制定骑行强度,达到保持运动员机体对血乳酸水平的适应,同时保持血清乳酸脱氢酶活性并提高运动员机体的缓冲能力和适应能力.     

血乳酸监控速度滑冰长距离项目运动员训练的研究

目的:利用血乳酸进行速度滑冰长距离项目运动员个体化训练特征的研究,为运动员比赛成绩的提高提供理论依据;方法:血乳酸测试法、专家咨询和查阅相关资料等研究法;结果:通过分析滑行速度、血乳酸值与脉搏之间的关系,控制训练过程,使运动员比赛成绩得到有效提高;结论:把握滑行速度、血乳酸值与脉搏之间的关系,能使有氧、有氧——无氧和无氧训练有机结合,并形成符合项目规律和运动员特点的最佳配比,能够有效促进运动员耐力水平的提高。     

乳酸阈训练法在速滑耐力素质训练中的应用

乳酸阈能够客观准确地反映出运动员的有氧工作能力,因此在运动训练活动中广为教练员和运动所采纳用以评定运动员的有氧工作能力。将乳酸阈应用于速度滑冰的运动训练当中,对个体乳酸阈值在速度滑冰训练中应用进行评定,并分别对运动员有氧工作能力、有氧和无氧耐力训练强度都进行了评定。提出实例来说明速滑专项耐力素质训练中利用乳酸阈训练提高速滑有氧耐力素质和速度耐力素质训练的方法和达到的效果,使乳酸阈训练方法更加有效地指导运动员的冬夏季各项训练,为提高速滑运动员专项耐力素质以取得优异的比赛成绩提供理论依据。     

优秀女子短道速滑运动员陆地常规训练合理性的研究

采用检测运动员运动后即刻的血乳酸并以此反映运动强度的现场测试方法,对我国优秀女子短道速滑运动员在年训练周期中的陆地训练手段进行血乳酸监控,探讨其训练强度的合理性。结果发现,旨在提高速度耐力的训练中,运动强度安排得不合理,导致了运动员的速度耐力不足,比赛中运动员出现后程无力的现象。因此,调整训练强度是今后训练中的重点。     

对广西青少年男子篮球运动员速度耐力素质的研究

对广西60名青少年篮球运动员进行比赛中快速移动距离的测定、心率测定、比赛后血乳酸测定、2种速度耐力训练后血乳酸的测定,结合他们在不同训练手段情况下的能量代谢特点进行了分析比较。结果显示:广西部分青少年男子篮球运动员速度耐力素质水平偏低。根据篮球比赛的性质和能量供给特点提出合理安排训练负荷的建议。     

运用血乳酸对我国优秀皮划艇激流回旋运动员训练强度的研究

通过对我国优秀皮划艇激流回旋运动员赛前集训血乳酸浓度来反映运动员常用训练手段训练强度的合理性。结果表明:针对灵敏因子、速度耐力因子与力量柔韧因子的训练手段的训练强度较低,而速度爆发力因子及腹肌因子的训练手段的训练强度适中。     

短跑运动员速度耐力训练的探讨

短跑是田径运动竞赛项目中距离最短,速度最快,人体运动器官在大量缺氧的情况下完成极限强度的周期性运动项目。它最大的特点就是无氧运动,要求运动员具备较高无氧耐力,无氧耐力的运动表现为速度耐力。速度耐力水平的高低直接影响着短跑成绩,比赛最终的名次。采用文献资料法,就短跑运动员运动过程的能量供应特点进行研究,分析速度耐力的能量供应系统,探求短跑运动员速度耐力训练的有效方法和手段。研究表明：短跑的速度耐力是以糖酵解供能为基础,影响短跑运动员速度耐力强弱的是运动员机体的糖酵解供能的优劣,而速度耐力取决于短跑运动员肌肉的糖酵解能力、抗乳酸能力以及脑细胞耐酸性的能力,通过不同的训练方法和手段,合理的控制训练负荷和间歇时间,能有效提高短跑运动员的速度耐力水平。     

短距离场地自行车专项训练强度评价方法的个案研究

以备战2012年伦敦奥运会中国自行车队场地短距离项目组重点女子运动员为研究对象。在奥运会前一年的备战训练中,采用SRM系统对场地专项爆发力、最大速度和速度耐力训练进行监测,并对运动员阶段训练前后不同专项能力的变化进行了分析。同时,采用成绩与训练后血乳酸综合分析的方法,对运动员奥运赛前专项速度和力量耐力训练的完成强度进行评价,为建立场地自行车专项训练强度的测试与评价方法进行有益尝试。自行车短距离阶段训练中不同专项训练比例可决定专项能力的变化,功率是评价自行车短距离项目专项能力和训练强度的有效指标,结合乳酸变化可分析专项能力变化与供能比例、代谢产物清除之间的关系。     

对吉林省优秀女子短道速滑运动员非冰期陆地专项训练强度的测试分析

运用现场测试血乳酸的方法,通过对吉林省优秀女子短道速滑运动员在常规陆地专项训练中的血乳酸的测试,结合冰上典型的速度耐力性项目1 500 m滑跑的血乳酸浓度的对比和理论分析,探讨其训练强度的合理性.结果发现,在旨在发展专项速度耐力的陆地专项训练中,运动强度偏低,不能有效地提高运动员的专项速度耐力,这是运动员比赛中出现后程无力现象的主要原因之一.     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.