论技术与自然规律

 从规律论的视角看技术,技术是人工控制条件下自然规律的定向作用。在技术系统中,自然规律及其作用方式被人为地选择和限定,从而依赖于人的活动。技术发展要求不断推进科学研究,在进一步揭示和掌握自然规律的基础上来实现技术进步。     

节约型社会科技法律促进机制研究:理论基础与现实困境

科技法律是节约型社会的重要促进因素,其促进机制可以分为政府主导型、市场诱导型、综合协调型.在中国现阶段,可以采取综合协调型节约型社会科技法律促进机制,但又重点依赖政府主导型节约型社会科技法律促进机制来推动节约科技进步与节约型社会建设.根据节约型社会科技法律促进机制类型选择,我们发现中国节约型社会科技法律促进机制目前在科技立法、科技执法、科技司法、科技法律实施监督等方面存在诸多现实困境,亟待采取有效措施予以解决.     

X-ray photoemission and the electronic structure of solids

The principles of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are outlined. The application of this technique to the study of the electronic structure of metals, alloys and compounds is illustrated using data in Ag, β-brass, ReO₃ and VO₂. In the latter a major change in the density of states is observed on passing through the metal-insulator transition.     

Maple在弹性力学教学中的应用

弹性力学具有很强的理论性、抽象性和高度概括性的特点,而且它的求解过程对数学运算依赖性大,所以加大了学生的学习难度。Maple是一个具有强大符号运算能力、数值计算能力和图形处理能力的交互式计算机代数系统,可以利用它解决各种方程、方程组、微分方程、线性代数等数学问题。因此,可以利用maple来求解弹性力学中的一些具体问题,具体实例表明,将Maple软件应用到弹性力学的教学中可以减轻学生对数学运算的依赖性,减小学习难度,使弹性力学从抽象变得直观。从而为弹性力学教学提供了一种方便、快捷地实现直观性教学的方法。     

The non-molecular structure of solids

To sum up our argument then: It is shown, in the first place, that the arrangement of the atoms in certain crystals, as determined by the X-ray spectra, indicates definitely that in these crystals there is no molecular structure.In extending the argument to all solid matter it is pointed out, from the dependence of crystal form on chemical composition, from a consideration of the Dulong-Petit law and of the nature of cohesion, and from the evidence of X-rays as to certain crystals, that each atom in a solid oscillates about a definite position of stable equilibrium.From a further examination of the nature of cohesion and of the forces concerned in chemical combination and especially from the general relation found between the atomic heat of formation of a substance and its melting-point it is found that the forces holding the atoms in their positions of stable equilibrium are of the same nature and comparable in magnitude with the forces binding together a chemical molecule.It is seen further that the atoms in a solid are very close together so that they often come in contact. And, since an atom attracts equally all atoms of another kind which are in contact with it, an atom cannot remain combined for more than an infinitesimal interval with any other particular atom ordinary temperatures.Finally, it was shown that, since in the solid state each atom has three degrees of translational freedom and is strongly attracted by atoms other than those of its own “molecule,” it must, on the average, exert equal attractions on all the neighboring atoms.From this the conclusion is drawn that in the particular molecules cannot be definitely defined.When those properties of solid matter which have been explained by molecules are considered, nothing is found which indicates at all definitely a molecular structure.We feel justified in concluding, therefore, that the structure of solid matter is not molecular.     

反垄断法与市场集中度的测算

企业并购是解决目前中国产业结构中企业规模过小的有效途径之一，然而并购又可能导致垄断。通过对市场集中度指标的实证分析，讨论了并购的可行性问题，并把它应用于反垄断法规的制定中。     

生物膜弹性的几何理论

利用现代微分几何的理论讨论生物膜的弹性行为。首先讨论了开口脂质膜的形状方程和边界曲线方程,并且得到了2个解析解,它们代表的形状与在实验中的图形吻合;其次建立了细胞膜的复合膜模型,并讨论了它的力学稳定性,从而证明了膜骨架能够极大地提高细胞膜的力学稳定性。