我国测量仪器领域重大制造装备发展研究

测量仪器是制造质量的重要保证,制约着重大制造装备的高质量发展,国家应重点扶持测量仪器的自主创新,使我国的测量仪器产业由"以买代造"向"自造不买"的方向转变.本文分析了测量仪器国内外发展水平的差距及产生差距的深层原因,找出国内弱项.在此基础上,提出发展建议,以期为提升我国重大制造装备整体水平、推动制造业高质量发展提供参考...     

Early modern mathematical instruments

In considering the appropriate use of the terms "science" and "scientific instrument," tracing the history of "mathematical instruments" in the early modern period is offered as an illuminating alternative to the historian's natural instinct to follow the guiding lights of originality and innovation, even if the trail transgresses contemporary boundaries. The mathematical instrument was a well-defined category, shared across the academic, artisanal, and commercial aspects of instrumentation, and its narrative from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century was largely independent from other classes of device, in a period when a "scientific" instrument was unheard of.     

Introduction: Reengaging with instruments

Over the past twenty years or so, historians of science have become increasingly sensitized to issues involved in studying and interpreting scientific and medical instruments. The contributors to this Focus section are historians of science who have worked closely with museum objects and collections, specifically instruments used in scientific and medical contexts. Such close engagement by historians of science is somewhat rare, provoking distinctive questions as to how we define and understand instruments, opening up issues regarding the value of broken or incomplete objects, and raising concerns about which scientific and medical artifacts are displayed and interpreted in museums and in what manner. It is hoped that these essays point historians of science in new directions for reengaging with scientific objects and collections.     

The development of oceanographical instruments

Oceanography is necessarily a three-dimensional science, for the open surface of the sea conceals tremendous variations in depth and marked differences in temperature, salinity, and water movement, all of which are critical for marine life. Today the major research programmes study the oceans in four dimensions, since changes with time—daily, seasonal, and year-to-year—are no less important than those in space. Oceanography and meteorology have much in common: the temperature and movement of air and water cannot be directly seen from the ground or sea level, but must be investigated by means of specialised instruments whose readings can be brought back to the observer.     

The physics of brass wind instruments

The design of musical instruments owes more to art than to science and assessment of their quality is essentially subjective. Nevertheless, the physical principles of their operation are very interesting and may be of practical importance. This article reviews the acoustics of brass wind instruments, regarding the player and his instrument as an entity, and compares experimental and theoretical results.