Assessment for learning in the accountability era: New Zealand

The requirements for valid assessment for learning and assessment of learning are reviewed and then the tensions between these two purposes of assessment are explored, first in general and then within two areas of the New Zealand education system. First, the nature of assessment for learning in primary schools is discussed and how it is, or might be, affected by four accountability pressures associated with assessment of learning. The second area is assessment for qualifications in the final years of secondary education. Here, some of the assessment of learning occurs at local level, within schools, and the remainder occurs at national level. These two assessment pathways create substantially different conditions affecting assessment for learning.     

以学生为主体的研究生课程教学质量评价

学生评教是研究生课程教学质量评价的重要方面。借鉴国外先进教学评价理念开展了学生评教的指标体系设计,研究以学生为主体的研究生课程教学质量评价方法,并以某专业前沿课程为例给出了评价指标,最后对评价过程的实施和评价结果的应用进行了深入分析。     

创造教育评估初探

培养具有创造精神和创造能力的人才必须依靠创造教育，而创造教育必须有创造教育评估作保证，创造教育评估应充分考虑：第一，基本评估与特色评估的关系；第二，创造型教师及其评估；第三，大学生的个性评估；第四，大学生的能力评估；第五，大学生创造性测验与评估。     

论研讨式教学的评价模式

研讨式教学的评价模式是深受学生欢迎的崭新的教学评价模式。注重学生多方面能力特别是创新能力的评价、注重学生学生的评价、注重学生自我评价和同学间相互评价的结合是其突出特点。它是我国高校教学改革的一次有益尝试，对建立适应于素质教育的新的评价体系将提供多层面的启示。     

ICT and pupil assessment

The role of pupil assessment in ICT is often seen by teachers as problematic. This article will explore the relationship of the two and will argue that research in assessment has not kept up with the opportunities offered by ICT. Conversely, some of the new developments in ‘assessment for learning’ have not yet found their way into ICT. The article will explore the various roles and relationships that ICT has in assessment, for example, the assessment of ICT skills, the assessment of curriculum learning when work is done with the aid of ICT, assessment within computer-assisted learning, and ICT as a tool in supporting the assessment process in general. It will also look at ways forward, including ‘assessment for learning’ (with its concern for questioning, feedback, sharing assessment criteria and self-assessment/peer assessment), and new outcomes that could be in­corporated into ICT.     

美国高校学生事务评估初探

评估是当前美国高等教育界学生事务领域热门的话题。一般认为,评估指收集、分析、说明有关描述学校、院系、部门或机构效率的资料的各种努力。目前主要的学生事务评估模型有厄普克罗夫特和舒恩提出的全面学生事务评估模型、巴勒姆和斯科特提出的新全面评估模型。1996年美国高等教育协会提出有关学生事务评估的九个原则得到广泛认同。目前美国高校学生事务评估主要包含机构评估、人员评估和活动评估等三个方面。     

促进学生学习和发展的课堂评价——2011课堂评价国际研讨会会议综述

课堂评价作为一种典型的形成性评价,与学校的教学和学生的学习有着紧密的关系,当前在我国教育领域内却备受冷落。本次国际研讨会从课堂评价、课程标准与外部考试一致性;课堂评价设计和实施的理论和技术;学习进展、学生发展与课堂评价系统的设计;课堂评价与教师专业发展;促进学习的课堂评价:学校经验报告等五个方面进行了深入研讨,以期引起教育领域内对课堂评价的关注,提升课堂评价的研究质量,促进学生学习和发展。     

Diversity in deafness: Assessing students who are deaf or hard of hearing

The purpose of this article is to support members of a student's multidisciplinary team to identify complex factors involved in providing valid classroom-based assessment data, including issues surrounding technology-based assessment for students who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). The diversity of this population creates unique challenges in creating guidelines for assessment. An overview of the diversity of DHH students is used to provide a framework for examining current assessment practices, including both effective and ineffective practices. Cognitive and linguistic learning differences and diverse language learning experiences in the population are discussed as they relate to assessment protocols. Paralleling technology-based learning experiences with comparable technology-based assessment experiences is also presented. Recommendations for planning for accessible and meaningful assessment include the use of innovative technologies to align instruction and assessment.     

Vocational Students Experiences with Assessment in Workplace Learning

Vocational education, as part of the Norwegian upper secondary education, includes both school-based learning and workplace learning. While school-based learning is characterized by formal structures and guided by aims in the curricula, workplace learning is often informal, incidental and directed by the daily work-tasks. Assessment in workplace learning is mainly formative and different stakeholders are involved in the assessment; namely students, teachers and workplace instructors. However, the guidelines for assessment are vague and call for a close cooperation between the stakeholders. This is demanding and has resulted in a variety of assessment practices. The study presented in this article is a qualitative study of students’ experiences with assessment in workplace learning periods in their first year in vocational education. The aim of the study is to give voice to students` experiences with assessment and illuminate how assessment supports their learning processes. Data was collected through focus group interviews with two groups of students in the Programme for Health and Social Care. The main findings indicate different assessment cultures in school and workplaces. This is expressed through the students’ perceptions of assessment, assessment criteria, tools for assessment and vocational knowledge. It is recommended that an open dialogue about the discontinuity in assessment between schools and workplaces is one of several measures necessary to bridge the gap between the stakeholders.     

系级教学工作水平评估指标体系的构建

教学工作质量评价是高校保障教学质量的重要手段,而开展系级教学工作水平评估是高校教学工作质量评价的重要环节.系级教学工作水平评估有助于准确了解各系教学活动情况,检查各系教学质量,为高校改进工作,深化改革提供依据和直接实践.就系级教学工作水平评估指标体系的构建作一些探讨.     

美国大学教师教学发展项目的评估研究

20世纪70年代中期迄今,美国研究者就诸多教师教学发展项目进行了大量评估。在评估内容上,基于不同目的,以及评估活动的各不相同,评估对象以教师与学生为主,对管理者的评估日益受到关注;在评估方法上,多采用严谨的对照实验与前后测实验设计,使用问卷、观察、访谈以及混合方法等实证研究方法,戏剧表演、学习评估工具等也是常用评估方法;在评估效果上,很多项目不仅改善了教师教学,也促进了学生学习。其项目评估可以给我国以借鉴:扩展项目评估对象,丰富项目评估活动;加强实证研究设计,提高评估的科学性;重视形成性评估,确保评估的连贯性。     

人才测评及其应用

人才测评是人力资源管理的基础工作。人才测评的主要方法有 :心理测验、面试和评价中心技术。文章介绍了人才测评的概念 ,简要回顾了人才测评的发展历史 ,然后对人才测评的作用和内容进行了分析 ,最后提出了对人才测评的几点建议     

Examining increased flexibility in assessment formats

There have been calls in the literature for changes to assessment practices in higher education, to increase flexibility and give learners more control over the assessment process. This article explores the possibilities of allowing student choice in the format used to present their work, as a starting point for changing assessment, based on recent studies and current examples of flexible assessment practice in higher education. The benefits of this flexible assessment format approach are highlighted, along with a discussion of classic assessment considerations such as validity, reliability and marking concerns. The role of technology in facilitating assessment method choice is considered, in terms of new opportunities for providing student choice in the way they evidence their learning and present their work. Considerations for implementing flexible assessment choices into the curriculum are presented, along with a call that further research into such practice is needed to develop a comprehensive set of practical recommendations and best practice for the implementation of flexible assessment choice into the curriculum. The article should be of interest to curriculum developers and academics considering implementing changes to the assessment process to increase student ownership and control.     

对教育迎评的评价——一个值得研究的新问题

教育迎评评价是对教育评价对象评价准备工作和接受评价过程行为的系统描述,是一种不同于教育评价和教育元评价的特殊的评价活动。开展教育迎评评价研究,建立教育迎评监督机制,有利于在教育评价实践中端正迎评指导思想、规范迎评行为、提高评价效益。     

THE ROLE OF SELF‐ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT GRADING

While the educational benefits of student self‐assessment are being increasingly recognised and self‐assessment procedures introduced into post‐secondary courses of many different kinds, the use of self‐assessment for grading purposes is a more controversial matter. Is there a role for student self‐assessment in formal assessment proceedings? If there is to be a role, what should it be? This paper focuses on these questions and examines why a marking role for self‐assessment should be considered and what evidence is available on the reliability of student‐generated marks. The implications of these findings are considered and strategies are proposed to improve student markers reliability and to incorporate self‐assessment indirectly into the formal assessment process.     

Perceptions of Portuguese undergraduate students about assessment: a study in five public universities

This paper draws upon a broader piece of research on assessment in higher education, particularly focusing on issues regarding the fairness and effectiveness of the assessment methods and their implications for the learning process. The perceptions of undergraduate students are analysed taking into account the effectiveness and fairness of both traditional and learner-centred assessment methods, as well their influence on the learning process. In total, 624 students participated in this study in five Portuguese Public Universities in different areas of knowledge and programmes. Data were collected through questionnaires. Findings suggest that assessment is seen as more effective and fairer when it is done through the use of learner-centred assessment methods rather than by traditional assessment (e.g. written tests or exams). The students also claim that they devote more time to study when assessment is performed through learner-centred assessment methods than by traditional ones. The most used assessment methods are written tests and oral presentations in group. However, differences in the programmes were identified as well as differences according to gender. Implications of the findings for assessment and for the teaching and learning process are discussed.     

Quantification for complex assessment: uncertainty estimation in final year project thesis assessment

A quantitative method for estimating an expected uncertainty (reliability and validity) in assessment results arising from the relativity between four variables, viz examiner's expertise, examinee's expertise achieved, assessment task difficulty and examinee's performance, was developed for the complex assessment applicable to final year project thesis assessment including peer assessment. A guide map can be generated by the method for finding expected uncertainties prior to the assessment implementation with a given set of variables. It employs a scale for visualisation of expertise levels, derivation of which is based on quantified clarities of mental images for levels of the examiner's expertise and the examinee's expertise achieved. To identify the relevant expertise areas that depend on the complexity in assessment format, a graphical continuum model was developed. The continuum model consists of assessment task, assessment standards and criterion for the transition towards the complex assessment owing to the relativity between implicitness and explicitness and is capable of identifying areas of expertise required for scale development.     

Formative assessment at the crossroads: conformative,deformative and transformative assessment

The theory and practice of formative assessment seems to be at a crossroads, even an impasse. Different theoretical justifications for the development of formative assessment, and different empirical exemplifications, have been apparent for many years. Yet practice, while quite widespread, is often limited in terms of its scope and its utilisation of the full range of possible approaches associated with formative assessment. The paper reviews these issues and explores them in relation to the development of formative assessment in higher education. HE is taken as ‘test case’ of the paradoxical implementation of formative assessment, whereby the aim is, ostensibly, to develop independent and critical learners, while in practice highly conformative assessment procedures are being designed and developed. The paper argues that developers also need to attend to the divergent possibilities inherent in formative assessment, if their aspirations for a more transformative practice are to be realised.     

How convincing is alternative assessment for use in higher education?

The current preference for alternative assessment has been partly stimulated by recent evidence on learning which points to the importance of students’ active engagement in the learning process. While alternative assessment may well fulfil the aims of formative assessment, its value in the summative assessment required in higher education is more problematic. If alternative assessment devices are to be used for summative purposes, the validity of alternative assessment has to be considered. The paper argues that task specification and marking consistency in alternative ­assessment can make comparability of performance difficult to effect, thereby leaving alternative assessment a less than convincing form for use in higher education.     

环境影响评价中环境经济损益分析方法浅析

为了介绍建设项目环境影响评价中环境经济损益分析的方法和步骤,对影响因子的类型及其量化方法、经济损益计算方法及经济损益评价方法进行了深入的探讨,在环境经济方面为建设项目审批及实施提供更加完善的依据;采用逐一列举的方法,说明环境影响经济评价在环评中所占的重要地位,指出对建设项目进行环境影响经济评价是今后环境影响评价发展的方向．