从认识论到知识学——哈贝马斯对实证主义认识论及其科学观的批判

哈贝马斯认为,自近代以来认识论的发展是实证主义的知识学取代认识论。认识论从事于认识的批判,解答认识可能性问题,而实证主义知识学则局限于经验科学的方法论,将知识与科学等同起来,取消了认识的主体在认识中的地位和作用,从而陷入了唯科学主义和虚假的客观主义。哈贝马斯从认识对自身的反思入手,揭示了认识与兴趣的关系,批判了实证主义的认识论及其科学观,为奠定社会批判理论的认识论基础扫清了道路。     

认识论的空场——哈贝马斯对历史唯物主义的一个批判

哈贝马斯力图在当代状况下重建马克思的历史唯物主义.在对历史唯物主义的知性解读中,哈贝马斯形成了对历史唯物主义认识论空场的批判.在他看来,马克思将劳动引入认识论,却导致了历史唯物主义的反思经验的缺失,使历史唯物主义出现了认识论的空场,从而流于历史实证主义.事实上,哈贝马斯对历史唯物主义的这一批判并不成立,因为恰是马克思对传统认识论的彻底批判构成了历史唯物主义成立的先决条件.但哈贝马斯的这一批判也表明了他在历史唯物主义的当代发展方面所作出的真实努力.     

认识论视野中课程理论与课程实践的关系

课程理论和课程实践之间存在非常复杂的关系,而不是简单的决定与被决定的关系。对于二者关系的传统认识主要源自实证主义的认识论。从实证主义、现象学一解释学和批判理论的认识论来考察,会发现课程理论源自具体的课程实践,具有多种类型,二者之间是一种平等对话和开放的辩证关系。     

哈贝马斯的反思批判的认识论及其启示

哈贝马斯的认识论是以反思批判为特点,以解放的认识兴趣为标志的。哈贝马斯通过回顾哲学史上从康德到马克思的哲学反思阶段,批判了实证主义拒绝自我反思要求、只对经验事实进行描述的客观主义缺陷,建构了以兴趣为基础、兴趣和认识相互交叉的认识论。他特别强调解放的兴趣在认识论重建中的意义,认为解放的兴趣达到了自觉的社会反思批判的层次和高度,是合理理解技术兴趣和实践兴趣的前提。我们应该批判地借鉴哈贝马斯的反思批判的认识论,改变对马克思主义认识论的单纯描述性的理解,凸显其反思批判的社会性维度。     

哈贝马斯的“解放兴趣论”述评

认识与兴趣是哈贝马斯创立其交往理论学说的依据。作为法兰克福学派的第二代学者,哈贝马斯继承了第一代学者们对现代社会制度的意识形态批判,尝试通过分析认识与兴趣的联系,重新定义认识论,建立以兴趣为导向的认识论。他认为,只有解放的兴趣才能实现理论和实践的统一,他推崇的是建立一种没有统治压迫、平等对话的模式,倡导追求自由以及体现主体性的价值,达到平等对话的共识,从而将主体从依附于对象化的力量中解放出来。但是哈贝马斯在探索的过程中扭曲了马克思的劳动观点,和历史唯物主义背道而驰。他旨在重建社会的批判理论,却没有从根本上触动资本主义的意识形态。     

哈贝马斯对认识论的重建

哈贝马斯认为,认识论是对认识的可能性条件的反思,他的认识论是以反思批评为特点,以解放的认识兴趣为标志的。哈贝马斯通过回顾哲学史上从康德到马克思的哲学反思阶段,批判了实证主义拒绝自我反思的要求、只对经验事实进行描述的客观主义缺陷,构建了以兴趣为基础、兴趣和认识相互交叉的认识论。     

马克思主义哲学视域下的分析哲学批判——莫里斯·康福斯《保卫哲学——反对实证主义与实用主义》再审视

作为早期分析哲学的主要流派,时兴于英美哲学界的逻辑实证主义与马克思主义哲学的唯物主义世界观存在着直接的冲突。为了彰显马克思主义哲学的真理性,揭示逻辑实证主义的理论实质,英国马克思主义者莫里斯·康福斯于1950年出版了《保卫哲学——反对实证主义与实用主义》这一论战性著作。全书以哲学批判与政治批判相结合的形式展开,在理论和实践两个方面揭示并批判了逻辑实证主义与马克思主义哲学的尖锐对立。虽然康福斯在总体上对逻辑实证主义持一种强烈的否定态度,但在其相关批判论述中亦潜藏着沟通逻辑实证主义与马克思主义哲学的公共论域。此外,受特定时代背景因素的影响,康福斯对逻辑实证主义的政治批判不可避免地具有一定的理论局限性。     

“合理性”的理解何以可能

德里达和哈贝马斯的解释学思想透现出后现代主义的解构思潮和法兰克福学派的社会批判理论之间的张力。而另外两位哲学家波普尔和伽达默尔的思想也颇具特色,波普尔的证伪主义思想显示出另一类的历史偶因论视角,至于伽达默尔的解释学思想则是无批判和反认识论的。由此,哈贝马斯在与德里达、波普尔以及伽达默尔的对话中得出合理性理解是可能的结论。     

试析蒯因的自然主义认识论

试析蒯因的自然主义认识论王元明美国逻辑实用主义哲学家蒯因（Ｗ．Ｖ．Ｑｕｉｎｅ，１９０８－）在对逻辑实证主义“两个教条”（分析命题与综合命题的区分，还原论和证实理论）批判的基础上，提出了整体主义知识论，与之相联系，他又提出了自然主义认识论。波普尔曾指出...     

国际政治中的三种普遍主义——伊拉克战争以后对罗尔斯和哈贝马斯的国际政治理论的比较

尤根@哈贝马斯近来对美国全球战略背后的所谓"自由民族主义"观念的批评,与他对约翰@罗尔斯的正义论的基本理论设计的批评,有相似之处.这是意味着罗尔斯在国际问题上的立场接近自由民族主义,还是意味着哈贝马斯对罗尔斯的批评不成立--至少不适用于罗尔斯的国际政治理论?本文对这两个问题都作了否定,并论证其原因在于,罗尔斯的政治理论作为一种"虚拟对话的普遍主义",介于自由民族主义的"独白的普遍主义"和哈贝马斯的"对话的普遍主义"之间.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.