确定实验对象的原则和方法

开展小学教育实验,必须科学地选定实验对象,即从研究对象的全体中选择其中的一部分。在教育实验学中,通常把研究对象的全体叫做总体,总体中的每一个对象叫做个体。从总体中取出一部分个体,这些个体叫做样本。从总体中选取一部分个体作为样本的过程叫做抽样。抽样的原则是,根据研究课题的目的与需求,选择典型的,富有代表性的个体组成样本。这是确定实验对象的一条重要原则。因为抽取的个体具有典型性和代表性,就能通过对它们的研究,取得能说明全体的足够多的可靠材料,从而准确地、科学地推断出全体的情况。反之,就不能得到理想的实验效果。比方,     

大学生英语写作焦虑研究——基于翻转课堂模式的教学改革与实证分析

本研究旨在探索翻转课堂教学模式对非英语专业大学生英语写作焦虑和写作成绩的影响作用。教学实验前后配对样本对比分析发现:翻转课堂教学模式能够显著降低非英语专业大学生的英语写作总体焦虑,同时显著提高其英语写作成绩。通过系统的写作专项训练、个性化自主学习、科学有效的评估体系、"互助式"学习模式,翻转课堂能有效降低学生的写作焦虑,促进学生写作能力提高。     

应该如何评估样本的代表性？

国内有些学者认为,可以采用将样本的某些特征与总体的同类特征进行比较的办法来评估样本的代表性.本文则强调:在具体的调查研究过程中,这种评估的方法既不可行,也不科学.评估样本的代表性的关键,是判断它是不是一个概率样本,而要做这样的判断,只能依据实际抽取样本的具体方法和具体程序,而不是依据最后所得到的样本的具体特征.本文还探讨了未应答现象及其对样本的代表性的影响.     

对教育个案研究中个案代表性的思考

个案研究是近年来社会科学研究中运用十分广泛的研究方法,它以对现象的了解特别深入,翔实见长,同时极好地沟通了理论与实践,对于解决理论与实践的脱节问题,具有极大价值。可是我们在做实际的个案研究时,经常被追问的一个问题是:个案研究是否具有代表性?或者就是换个角度追问:你所选择的个案效果如何?我们的个案研究是否要一定具有代表性呢?笔者试图对此问题作出解答。一、从个案研究的逻辑基础思考在讨论个案研究的代表性之前,首先要对“代表性”的含义进行界定。所谓代表性,指的是样本的一种属性,即样本能够再现总体的属性和结构的程度。所…     

三种抽样方法的异同点

统计学的基本思想是用样本估计总体,即用局部推断整体,这就要求样本应该具有良好的代表性,而样本的代表性的好坏则完全依赖于抽样方法.本文通过几个例子,简述三种抽样方法的异同点。     

不同高中学习背景对三本院校大学英语学习策略的显著性研究

三本院校是中国高等教育发展的新兴事务,为我国的高等教育承担了大量的教学内容,为莘莘学子提供了接受高等教育的机会。但不可否认的是,与一本、二本院校相比,三本院校的大学英语教育还缺少系统的研究,对于众多在校学生还缺乏足够的认知与了解。文章基于以上认识,以实证研究的方式,制作调查问卷,选取样本,对武汉市有代表性的三本院校进行了大学英语学习策略的调查。并以SPSS为研究手段,对于样本的学习策略进行了研究。研究表明,三本院校的学生在进行大学英语学习时,有着不同的学习策略,尤其是来自不同高中学习背景的同学其大学英语学习策略不尽相同。文章对差异原因进行了探究,从而提出相应的教学方式。     

农村中小学教师课时量的调查研究

一、研究过程本研究中的样本是依据分层随机抽样的原则,从甘肃省83个县中先抽取20个样本县(甘肃省实际共有86个县,在抽样过程中由于考虑到语言不通、交通不便、样本代表性不强等方面的原因,剔除了肃北、肃南、阿克塞3个自治     

统计与概率

要考察的对象的全体称为总体，每一个被考察对象叫做个体，从总体中抽到一部分个体叫样本，样本中个体的数目叫样本容量。 由随机抽样得到的样本。对总体而言。应具有代表性或典型性。通过样本来了解和认识总体，是统计的一个重要思想方法。     

免费师范生学习动机与学习情况调查研究

如何提高免费师范生培养的质量,更好地服务于国家民族的振兴是全社会关注的话题,而免费师范生的情况到底如何?本研究以华东师范大学为样本,通过纵(不同年级的免费师范生)与横(免费师范生和非免费师范生)比较的方式来研究免费师范生的学习动机和学习情况,揭示了总体情况向好的趋势但也存在着一定的问题。     

20世纪以来甘宁青书院研究与展望

书院作为中国古代一种重要的文化教育组织,由唐而宋元明清历经千年发展,遍布除今日西藏外的全国所有省区市。地处西北地区的甘宁青书院,其发展虽未与全国同步,但至迟在明代已开始出现并兴起,体现出自己鲜明的边地特色。与当前中国传统书院蔚为大观的研究局面形成鲜明对比的是,目前学界对甘宁青书院的研究多是片段的、零碎的,缺乏系统、动态的研究;就其研究方向而言,主要集中在两个方面：一是对书院数量、分布、教学活动、兴衰原因的考察,二是对个别代表性书院的沿革历史、兴衰原因、历史意义等问题的探讨。总体来看,学界对这一地区书院的研究尚处于薄弱地位。究其原因,可能与该地区书院的非典型性有一定关系。     

Learning through on-line discussion: what are the opportunities for professional development and what are the characteristics of on-line writing?

Abstract

This article explores the growing interest in the use of asynchronous text-based discussion to support the professional development of teachers and other occupational groups. It describes a post-degree course in which teachers, lecturers and librarians at local schools and colleges used on-line forums to share and reflect on their professional knowledge. The particular focus of the article is on the experiences of forum participants and the opportunities which on-line discussion provides for their professional learning. The discussion in the article is developed around an extract from a forum and focuses on the initiating of on-line discussion, what participants might learn by taking part, and the style of contributions. The article suggests that electronic forums have huge potential for developing professional knowledge in that participants have opportunities to articulate ideas, have access to other information and other viewpoints and can seek clarification from colleagues. However, the process of discussion is not straightforward. Participation cannot be easily structured, contributors may prefer different styles of messages and text-based communication may not be appropriate for some kinds of discussion. On-line discussion is then valuable and complex.     

论高职院校产学研结合与"双师型"教师培养

本文作者通过从深圳市几家从事通信产品开发和研究的高科技企业进行实地考察后认为:一方面,高职院校教师应该深入企业调研,寻找与自己专业相同的企业产品进行研发;另一方面,产学研结合是高等职业教育发展的要求,是培养教师"双师型"素质的好模式。文章对高职院校产学研结合的模式、产学研结合是培养"双师型"素质的有效途径等问题进行了具体分析和理论阐述。     

印度私立高校与中国民办高校之比较研究

论文主要介绍了印度私立高校与中国民办高校的发展状况,运用管理学中的SWOT分析法进行了比较分析。印度与中国均是人口大国,也是教育大国,在高等教育急需改革与发展的今天,面对很多类似问题。因此,本文基于印度私立教育发展的主要经验,针对我国民办教育发展提出了对策。     

Portraits of resilience: headteachers in two different cultures

This article provides two ‘portraits’ of headteachers in primary schools in England and Hong Kong, derived from semi-structured interviews with these individuals. Contrary to some claims that such a small sample is worthless, this article argues that what is most meaningful is sometimes derived from the singular and unique; that generalisations in education are as likely to be useful if they are ‘fuzzy’ generalisations as if they are from scientific or statistical generalisations; and that the individual case can strip away the clutter of large contexts and allow recognition of a common shared humanity. What these portraits also show is that responses to larger contexts are heavily dependent on personality and local context, and that if policy implementation and professional development are to have impact, then an attention to the personal and the local are going to be critical factors in any success in these areas.     

现代乡村法律秩序的生成:一个过程

在自然村落存在一种乡村法律秩序,而这些乡村法律秩序是怎样形成的,一直为法律界所关注。文章认为,乡村法律秩序的生成过程是乡村精英通过乡村风俗思想的宣教、乡间邻里矛盾纠纷的调处和乡村维权运动而重构乡村秩序的过程,是乡村精英与国家权威争夺乡村治理权的一个反复博弈的过程。     

在中国学校教授交际英语

文章研究了交际教学法的起源和其在中国学校的应用情况以及是何种因素影响了它的成功,认为中外教师一起调研、互相学习、以找到如何在中国环境下更好地应用交际教学法是很必要的。     

Using Real Life Examples to Teach Abstract Statistical Concepts

This article provides real life examples that can be used to explain statistical concepts. It does not attempt to be exhaustive, but rather, provide a few examples for selected concepts based on what students should know after taking a statistics course.     

The Care of Our Hybrid Selves: Towards a Concept of Bildung For Digital Times

This article draws on the work of Michel Foucault to develop a concept of Bildung for our digital times. It first shows how Foucault's concept of disciplinary power challenges the traditional Bildung‐ideal of autonomy. It then goes on to elaborate Foucault's concepts of power, freedom and self‐practices, which can all be extended to the domain of technology use: just as we can never escape from power relations, we cannot purify ourselves from technology, and a clear distinction between humans and technologies is illusory at best. This does not imply an elimination of freedom, however, because, just as with power, freedom does not consist of an absence of external influences, but the practice of coping with these influences. Contemporary Bildung can therefore be characterized as what Steven Dorrestijn calls a care of our hybrid selves, which includes critical skills, like attentional control. Such skills do not stand in opposition to digital technology, however, but in relation to it and must be cultivated through extensive training. Furthermore, while educational initiatives play a vital role in this training process, we must not neglect students’ own technological self‐practices. Exploring such practices allows us to analyse the technology‐related critiques that already exist in everyday practice.     

一部精心编写的古代汉语教材——谈荆贵生主编的《古代汉语》兼及一些合编教材的弊端

荆贵生主编的《古代汉语》受到了专家学者们的好评。本文以一些合编教材为此照,谈了教材编写中的两个问题:一、合编教材多有内容不协调或前后矛盾的现象,而荆编教材内容协调一致,没有拼凑的痕迹;二、古代汉语教材选择例句的问题。师专教材中的例句问题很多,让师生为难,而荆编教材则为教学着想,大量选择中学文言文和教材文选中的例句,不是为出书编的教材,而是为搞好教学编的教材。     

Toleration and Recognition: What should we teach?

Generally we think it good to tolerate and to accord recognition. Yet both are complex phenomena and our teaching must acknowledge and cope with that complexity. We tolerate only what we object to, so our message to students cannot be simply, 'promote the good and prevent the bad'. Much advocacy of toleration is not what it pretends to be. Nor is it entirely clear what sort of conduct should count as intolerant. Sometimes people are at fault for tolerating what they should not, or for tolerating what they should find unexceptionable. So virtue does not always lie with toleration. Tolerance can also seem condescending; should we therefore replace it with recognition? But recognition may not be able to coexist with the disapproval that makes toleration necessary. However, not everything about toleration and recognition is controversial; there are fixed points from which students can grapple with the issues presented by both.