教育测量和评估中多元概化理论的应用

介绍了在教育测量和评估中运用多元概化理论的优势,使用多元概化理轮的过程步骤,以及能够提供给研究者的各种结论和信息。认为可以帮助初学者了解多元概化理论,并为使用者提供了使用方法。     

测量学中古典论与概推度论的比较

本文在简单介绍测量学中古典论和概推度论的基础上,对二者各自的特点进行了比较。结合模拟案例,以误差的多来源问题为切入点,着重探讨了古典论的局限与概推度论相应的优势,以及两种理论之间本质上的差异。     

Generalizability of Multidimensional Student Ratings of University Instruction Across Courses and Teachers

Course quality is multifaceted, being determined by instructor, students, and external conditions. Consequently, any attempt at measurement should reflect this diversity, so that stable evaluations can be made that reflect both personal (instructor) and situational (student and external conditions) variables. This study extends previous research by examining the stability of both dimensions across different courses, student populations, and universities. In addition, the sample (N = 692 courses) was drawn from 6 traditional and technical German universities that have a different ethos of student interaction with academic staff than those in many other Western countries. Using the Heidelberg Inventory, it was found that instructor variables were reliable across courses given by the same instructor, but student scales or background variables were less consistent across courses in which the content was identical. It was concluded that the instrument was both reliable and valid for student evaluations of both teaching performance and course quality within a European context.     

概化理论在结构化面试评分误差中的应用研究

应用概化理论对结构化面试的评分误差的控制问题进行了研究。结果表明:结构化面试评分能够较好地反映出被试的真实能力水平,评分具有较高的信度;在保证较高的面试评分信度(0.80)的情况下,建议将考官人数减少至9名,以提高结构化面试的经济性和效率性。     

The Use of Generalizability (G) Theory in the Testing of Linguistic Minorities

We contend that generalizability (G) theory allows the design of psychometric approaches to testing English-language learners (ELLs) that are consistent with current thinking in linguistics. We used G theory to estimate the amount of measurement error due to code (language or dialect). Fourth- and fifth-grade ELLs, native speakers of Haitian-Creole from two speech communities, were given the same set of mathematics items in the standard English and standard Haitian-Creole dialects (Sample 1) or in the standard and local dialects of Haitian-Creole (Samples 2 and 3). The largest measurement error observed was produced by the interaction of student, item, and code. Our results indicate that the reliability and dependability of ELL achievement measures is affected by two facts that operate in combination: Each test item poses a unique set of linguistic challenges and each student has a unique set of linguistic strengths and weaknesses. This sensitivity to language appears to take place at the level of dialect. Also, students from different speech communities within the same broad linguistic group may differ considerably in the number of items needed to obtain dependable measures of their academic achievement. Whether students are tested in English or in their first language, dialect variation needs to be considered if language as a source of measurement error is to be effectively addressed.     

PASS理论--一种新的智力认知过程观

智力的理论与测量研究是心理发展与教育中一项经久不衰的议题.认知心理学的蓬勃发展为智力研究提供了新的视角."计划-注意-同时性加工-继时性加工"PASS模型以信息加工心理学和Luria关于大脑机能分区的神经心理学观点为基石,强调智力由多种相互独立的认知过程构成,而不是一般因素的观点.以PASS为基础编制的实践工具--认知评估系统CAS和PASS补救方案PREP克服了传统智力测量工具的不足,为全面了解儿童的认知过程提供了有效的工具.文章将就此加以介绍和讨论.     

The Dependability of NSSE Scalelets for College- and Department-level Assessment*

College and university administrators, as well as faculty members, are more likely to take responsibility for student learning if they believe that the assessment data represent their students and suggest specific actions for improvement. This study examined whether it is feasible to develop scalelets (i.e., focused measures, usually consisting of four or five items) that provide dependable metrics for assessing student learning at the college or department level. A generalizability analysis of 12 scalelets from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) indicated that the scalelets provided dependable measures of educational effectiveness with 25–50 respondents. *SAIR 2004 Best Paper. Presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Institutional Research, Sandiego, CA, March 2005.     

隐喻的认知属性

自上世纪80年代隐喻被引入认知领域后,认知心理学对隐喻作了大量的研究。本文从三个方面对隐喻的认知属性作了分析:隐喻的本质属性是一种思维形式,是认知心理学的研究对象之一;隐喻的三种理论阐述了隐喻反映客观事物的认知方式;隐喻作用于感知觉、思维、想象,影响它们反映客观世界的形式。     

从认知理论角度探讨外语教学中文化导入的构建

认知理论认为学习的过程就是通过学习与外部环境相互作用实现同化、顺应和平衡的过程。随着认知科学的发展,认知理论的研究越来越多地被教育领域所采用和重视,人们开始运用其理论来指导语言教学。教师在英语教学中,不仅要介绍语言知识并进行“五会”技能训练,更应该把这种学习与训练放到文化教学的大背景中进行,采用适当的方法与手段加大目的语文化的输入途径,把语言教学与文化教学有机结合起来,增加文化导入内容,挖掘其文化的真正含义,让学生从生活和课堂中感悟异域文化氛围,在其业已形成的中华文化中植入英语语言文化,从而使学生生成双语文化能力。     

关于小组讨论形式口语考试的概化研究

小组讨论形式的口语考试既可以提高考试的效率,又能考到总结谈话等面试考试所考不到的谈话管理能力,所以被认为是可以应用在一般教学环境中的有效的口语考试方式。文章利用概化理论对小组讨论形式口语考试的总体信度进行了实证考察,考察结果表明小组讨论形式口语考试有可能被接受的信度。同时,为了最大限度地节省考试的时间和人力等资源,文章研究通过概化理论的D研究在保证考试信度的基础上科学地削减了分项评价项目的个数。     

认知结构理论研究述评

认知结构理论以认知结构为研究核心。纵向分析表明,不同的心理学家对认知结构进行了多角度、多层次的认识,但是都强调了认知结构建构的性质,认知结构与学习的互动关系,突出了学生中心的思想。     

论习语中的文化认知基础

习语作为特类的表达形式承载着一定的社会文化属性,且具有认知意义。依据现代认知语境理论,文章着重论述了粘附于习语形式中的文化镜象问题;同时,基于文化是承载习语生成、发展的重要认知基础,指出了在外语教学中应该导入文化认知教学内容。     

间接话语含义与附加认识效果

关联理论是在对传统语用学批判吸收的基础上建立起来的。对于我们了解言语,尤其是间接话语的意义有着重要的指示作用。间接话语比直接言语耗费更多的努力,根据关联理论应该产生更多的认识效果。因此分析解读间接话语可能得到的附加认识效果,可以加强对于间接话语意义的理解,促进语言交际的顺利进行。     

班杜拉的社会学习理论中的认知因素

班杜拉的社会认知学习理论摈弃了传统行为主义对环境的依赖,强调人的主体因素特别是认知因素在学习过程中的重要作用,认为主体(人)、行为及环境三之间构成动态的交叉互动关系,重视人的自我系统和自我效能感,指出人的更普遍、更有效的学习方式是观察学习。     

An Approach to Measuring Cognitive Outcomes Across Higher Education Institutions

Over the past decade, state legislatures have experienced increasing pressure to hold higher education accountable for student learning. This pressure stems from several sources, such as increasing costs and decreasing graduation rates. To explore the feasibility of one approach to measuring student learning that emphasizes program improvement, we administered several open-ended tests to 1365 students from 14 diverse colleges. The strong correspondence between hand and computer assigned scores indicates the tests can be administered and graded cost effectively on a large scale. The scores were highly reliable, especially when the college is the unit of analysis; they were sensitive to years in college; and they correlated highly with college GPAs. We also found evidence of value added in that scores were significantly higher at some schools than at others after controlling on the schools mean SAT score. Finally, the students said the tasks were interesting and engaging.     

隐喻的认知与文化

从认知语言学的角度探讨了隐喻的认知与文化特征.隐喻研究作为认知语言学的一个重要组成部分,它与文化密不可分.本文认为,隐喻既是一种语言现象,也是一种文化现象.对隐喻的理解在很大程度上决定于对目的语文化的理解与把握.     

谈比喻的认知解释和文化解释

从文化与哲学的角度对比喻进行思考,运用现代语言学的理论对比喻进行认知解释和文化解释,以拓宽汉语词义发展研究的视野。