The Transition From Novice to Expert Counselor

The role of cognition in the preparation of counselors is highlighted by exploring research in the development of expertise.     

从用户到顾问:教学设计人员在当前在线教学中所担当的“新角色”(英文)

本文讨论了教育技术的专业实践如何影响教学设计师的角色。技术前景的动态本质使得教学设计师的工作复杂化,使得他们在应用所学的系统设计模式时有着很大的困难。目前,教学设计师在帮助机构有效采用教育技术方面担当着更加多样的、精细的角色。在假定这些新角色的基础上,教学设计人员应当跨越自身的舒适区,不仅仅是与学科专家合作的设计人员,或者是第一个吃螃蟹使用技术的人,而是真正成为绩效专家,协调机构内的不同力量。     

Representation in Teaching: Inferences From Research of Expert and Novice Teachers

Research examining differences between expert and novice teachers is reviewed through the lens of cognition to outline and establish how features of the classroom are mentally represented. Studies are reviewed under Shulman's (1986b) framework characterizing knowledge bases necessary for teacher effectiveness, including content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and general pedagogical knowledge. Inferences are made as to how teachers, varying in experience level, represent classroom events including curriculum planning, instruction, management, and communication. Implications for teacher education and professional development programs are discussed.     

Novice Linking in Hypermedia-Based Instructional Systems

No abstract available for this article.     

新手到专家:职业专长发展的必由之路

专家——新手这一研究思路最初应用于象棋、物理、医学等职业专长领域，以后逐渐应用于学、体育、音乐等领域。在不同的职业领域存在不同的专长。职业专长的发展是一个长期学习和实践的过程。新手与专家的职业专长发展存在差异这些差异的影响因素主要在动机、实践训练、知觉、知识经验等方面。找到这些影响因素，对于职业指导与职业培训具有重要的意义。     

Expert and Novice Performance: Implications for Clinical Training

Studies of advanced expertise development in a number of areas are reviewed in order to provide general suggestions about the elements of clinical training that might enhance counseling and educational psychology expertise. The emphasis of the discussion is on the connections between classroom instruction and practicum or internship experiences. Recommendations include changes in the sequencing, context, knowledge content, practice conditions, and motivational support provided to students.     

Multicultural Consultee-Centered Consultation: When Novice Consultants Explore Cultural Hypotheses With Experienced Teacher Consultees

Using case study qualitative methodology and naturalistic inquiry, this study investigates how beginning consultants use multicultural consultee-centered consultation (MCCC) to explore cultural hypotheses with experienced teachers. The study involves the conceptualizations and detailed records of 3 ethnically diverse novice consultants who hypothesize cultural issues in the problem situation and use MCCC with teachers of diverse students ages 6-12. Grounded in the multicultural consultation framework (Ingraham, 2000), analyses focus on consultation stages, communication processes, factors associated with success and failure, and their relationship with co-constructing problem definitions with consultees. Results of within-case and cross-case analyses illustrate the complexity of practicing and studying MCCC and suggest several issues that may influence multicultural consultation outcomes. Specific questions for future research are identified.     

Expert — Novice differences in science investigation skills

Many school students experience difficulty in conducting science investigations (Hackling & Garnett, 1991; Murphy, 1988). Students in Western Australia have poorly developed skills of problem analysis, planning and carrying out controlled experiments, basing conclusions only on obtained data, and recognising limitations in the methodology of their investigations. This paper compares the work of 10 expert scientists and 10 Year 12 science students as they conducted a laboratory based investigation. The results provide insights into expertise in science investigation skills. Specializations: Science teacher education, development of problem-solving expertise, concept development and conceptual change, assessment of laboratory work. Specializations: Chemistry education, concept development and conceptual change, role of laboratory work.     

Cognitive Analysis of Expert and Novice Troubleshooting Performance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of mental models on the performance differences between expert and novice service technicians who troubleshoot faulty technical equipment. This study involved the use of behavioral and cognitive methods of analysis to identify and develop the ideal mental models that are used by expert technical troubleshooters. These two methods of analysis involved the identification of the specific tasks used during troubleshooting and the collection and analysis of the verbal protocols of expert and novice technicians as they attempted to identify faults in technical equipment. The results of the study showed definite differences between experts and novices. The experts were able to acquire and correctly interpret the initial symptoms of the problem, and from the interpretation of the initial symptoms the experts were able to represent the problem through the development of an accurate problem space. The sequences used by the experts to find faults in technical systems involved the generation of hypotheses that were used to reduce the size of the problem space and, therefore, to narrow the number of potential locations for the fault. In contrast, the novice subjects were unable to accurately interpret the initial symptoms of the problem. They were also unable to represent the problem through the development of an accurate problem space. The lack of an accurate problem representation resulted in the apparent random search for faults in the system.     

Interpersonal Consulting Skills for Instructional Technology Consultants: a Multiple Case Study

Building a trust-based relationship with faculty is one of the most important attributes of effective Instructional Technology Consultants (ITC) in order to integrate emerging technologies into higher education. Utilizing a multiple case study research design, four experienced ITCs at a large urban research university located in the Midwest showed that interpersonal skills are crucial when consulting with faculty on course design, technology integration, and teaching. By applying eight interpersonal consulting skills (active listening, paraphrasing, summarizing, open questioning, closed questioning, explaining concepts, explaining procedures, and informal conversation), ITCs developed trust-based relationships with faculty and generated an atmosphere conducive to change. While research on interpersonal skills is limited in the field of Instructional Design (ID), other fields, such as counseling or medicine, offer promising methods and results for teaching these skills. This article concludes with a presentation of methods for teaching interpersonal skills in counseling and medical preparation programs that could be adopted in the Instructional Design curricula.     

从“忠实”到“创生”——论教学文化的变革

教学文化是师生共同体在长期的教学活动中形成的并依然存在于该共同体的关于"教与学"的比较稳固的心理模式与相应的行为方式。教学改革的关键不是技术与方法的变革,而是教学文化的转型。对于当前正在进行的教学改革而言,亟需实现从"忠实型教学文化"到"创生型教学文化"的转换。具体而言,可以通过变革教学观念、教学制度和教学行为的方式来促成这一转换。     

普惠性幼儿园新手教师的教学支持现状及提升研究——托幼机构教育质量提升模型的视角

托幼机构教育质量提升模型认为支持教师成长的专业环境是教育政策干预与高质量保教和高质量儿童发展之间变化的关键机制,教学支持是其中的核心变量.研究采用CLASS考察普惠性幼儿园新手教师的教学支持现状,结果显示:新手教师教学支持整体处于中等偏低水平,概念发展、反馈质量和语言示范3个子维度的得分都低于4.基于托幼机构教育质量提升模型,研究从普惠性幼儿园的内部政策、管理者的特征以及教师的特征三个方面,提出构建支持新手教师成长的专业文化环境,提高新手教师的教学支持水平,促进普惠性幼儿园教育质量发展.     

Learning to Learn From Data: Benchmarks and Instructional Communities

This article examines the use of interim assessments in elementary schools in the School District of Philadelphia. The article reports on the qualitative component of a multimethod study about the use of interim assessments in Philadelphia. The study used an organizational learning framework to explore how schools can best develop the capacity to utilize the potential benefits of interim assessments. The qualitative analysis draws on data from intensive fieldwork in 10 elementary schools and interviews with district staff and others who worked with the schools, as well as further in-depth case study analysis of 5 schools. This article examines how school leaders and grade groups made sense of data provided through interim assessments and how they were able to use these data to rethink instructional practice. We found substantial evidence that interim assessments have the potential to contribute to instructional coherence and instructional improvement if they are embedded in a robust feedback system. Such feedback systems were not the norm in the schools in our study, and their development requires skill, knowledge, and concerted attention on the part of school leaders.     

从教学管理到教学领导:促进幼儿园教师专业发展的应然选择

传统教学管理在一定程度上制约了幼儿园教师的专业发展,而教学领导却对教师的专业发展具有现实意义,它赋予了教师专业发展的自主权,可以激发教师专业发展的内驱力,给教师专业发展提供条件和保障.促进幼儿园教师专业发展,应实现从传统教学管理到教学领导的转变,包括转变观念和提高教学领导力、建立学习型组织、提供专业支持、给予政策和制度上的保障.     

Educating Practitioners as Consultants: Development and Implementation of the Instructional Consultation Team Consortium

The continuing education of current practitioners as consultants is an area requiring both practical consideration and further research. The Instructional Consultation Team (IC-Team) Consortium represents a comprehensive, statewide effort to systematically train a diverse group of educational practitioners as instructional consultants within the context of a team service delivery model. This article describes the IC-Team Consortium and summarizes the empirically based professional development process used to support practitioners' consultation skill development and application. The article summarizes the multi-tiered system of professional development that includes an intense introductory training of consultation skills followed by a structured process of coaching during application. In addition, the article describes the use of the IC-Team as an arena for team members' continued development of consultation skills.     

Instructional redesign: Developing learning communities in academia

Traditionally, learning is provided in a unidirectional manner from instructor to learner. This practice can be limiting to all individuals involved in the learning process. To develop quality instructional materials, the learning team can participate in instructional design and development (ID) as partners. This article discusses a proposed learning community to be created during the process of course redesign. Human performance technology and ID professionals who use learning community practices can improve their designs by including all relevant stakeholders.     

TRIZ理论视域下新教师专业成长——基于地方教学型本科院校

TRIZ理论主要应用于理工类的应用与创新,同时,TRIZ理论具有普遍的创新方法和规律。新教师专业成长是地方教学型本科院校的突出特点之一。影响新教师专业成长的因素很多,高校文化、网络资源、实习基地这三个“场”对新教师的专业成长影响最大,主要表现在它们对新教师研究方向思考及确立、专业理论体系确立及发展、实践技能形成及提高三个方面起重要作用。