胆囊收缩素与糖尿病合并胆囊结石的关系

目的 探讨在糖尿病合并胆囊结石的情况下胆囊收缩素可能起到的影响和作用.方法 综合近几年相关研究方面的文献并进行综述.结果 在糖尿病患者体内胆囊收缩素的水平较正常值有明显的改变,异常水平的胆囊收缩素对胆囊结石的形成起到了很大的影响作用.另外,胆囊收缩素的受体异常也可以引起胆囊结石.结论 胆囊收缩素在糖尿病合并胆囊结石的发病中产生了很大的影响.     

Association of Aberrations in One Carbon Metabolism with Intimal Medial Thickening in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The present work was aimed to study the association of one carbon genetic variants, hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress markers, i.e., serum nitrite, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) on intimal medial thickening (IMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A total number of 76 subjects from ACS Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India were included in the study, i.e., Group I (n = 42) of T2D and Group II (n = 34) of age- and sex matched healthy controls. The glycated haemoglobin was measured by ion-exchange resin method; plasma homocysteine by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay method; serum nitrite (nitric oxide, NO), plasma MDA and GSH by spectrophotometric methods; the IMT by high frequency ultrasound. The polymorphisms of one carbon genetic variants were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and amplified fragment length polymorphism methods. Results indicate that methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyl transferase (MTR) A2756G allele was found to be protective in T2D and the other variants were not significantly associated with T2D. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) C1561T (r = 0.34; p = 0.05) and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T (r = 0.35; 0.04) showed positive correlation with plasma homocysteine in T2D cases. In this study, MTR A2756G allele was found to be protective in T2D; GCP II C1561T and MTHFR C677T showed positive association with plasma homocysteine in T2D cases. Among all the genetic variants, MTR A2756G was found influence IMT. RFC 1 G80A and TYMS 5′-UTR 2R3R showed synergistically interact with MTR A2756G in influencing increase in IMT.     

糖尿病与胃轻瘫的关系

介绍了糖尿病与胃轻瘫的关系。糖尿病胃轻瘫的发病机理可能与糖尿病植物神经病变、平滑肌变性、高血糖等有关。诊断胃排空时间的方法有Ｘ线监视、胃肠电分析、Ｂ型超声及核素标记的试餐（金标准）。采用促胃动力药物如胃复安、多潘立酮、西沙比利、红霉素入Ｒｅｎｚａｐｒｉｄｅ对糖尿病胃轻瘫有一定的疗效。一旦被诊断为糖尿病胃轻瘫,宜及早使用促胃动力药,可改善糖尿病胃轻瘫的大部分症状和体征。     

浅谈老年糖尿病人的家庭护理

目的：院提高老年糖尿病人家庭护理的质量和纠正病人不良的生活习惯,使其保持良好的心理状态,活动能力,促进康复治疗。方法院通过理论研究,在家庭中对老年患者进行心理护理,饮食治疗,运动疗法,用药指导,并发症的预防,随访与记录以及健康教育。结果院防止急性并发症的发生和减低慢性并发症的风险,对已经发生的并发症进行有效控制,提高患者生活质量,延长患者寿命。结论院积极有效的家庭护理得到老年患者和社会的认可,对老年糖尿病的治疗具有关键性的作用。     

Dyslipidemia Associated with Poor Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Protective Effect of Metformin Supplementation

The nature of the dyslipidemia associated with diabetes mellitus is complex and is the major risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Aim of this study was to assess the effect of glycemic control, achieved by metformin, glibenclamide and insulin, on lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. One hundred and sixty-five type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were classified into good glycemic control (Group I) and poor glycemic control (Group II) on the basis of their blood HbA1c values. The Group II was characterized with high serum triglyceride (190.46 ± 15.20 mg/dl), total cholesterol (175.3 ± 6.31 mg/dl) as well as high LDL-cholesterol (109.0 ± 5.88 mg/dl). Significant correlations were evident between HbA1c and dyslipidemia, particularly serum TG (r = 0.28, P < 0.05), and between HbA1c and total cholesterol (r = 0.310, P < 0.05). Better glycemic control and improved dyslipidemia were observed in patients on combination therapy of metformin plus glibenclamide.     

A comprehensive overview on Micro RNA signature in type 2 diabetes Mellitus and its complications

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous, non-coding RNA molecules that can modulate the expression of their target genes. Since its discovery, an enormous breakthrough has been established regarding its biogenesis and pathophysiological action, which has revolutionized the field of molecular biology. In addition, recent studies have identified the existence of stable extracellular/circulating miRNAs tissues and in biological fluids like blood where they are safeguarded from endogenous ribonuclease activity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has emerged as a prime health issue worldwide. Incidence has increased considerably over the past decade. There are various tests that have been employed to diagnose T2DM. But for early detection and development, the establishment of biomarkers are of paramount importance. Contemporary evidence also validates the signature of a set of this epigenetic factor miRNA in the development of various diseases, including T2DM. This article reviews the contemporary corroboration associating miRNAs and T2DM and emphasizes the potential role of miRNA as a circulatory biomarker that could alert the growing prevalence of T2DM. Also, it acknowledges the valuable compendium of information regarding biogenesis and functional role of circulating miRNA in insulin resistance which is intimately linked to T2DM.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-022-01069-1.     

Thyroid Disorders in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The study was planned to assess the prevalence of thyroid disorders in type 2 diabetes in North Indian population and to correlate the serum insulin and glycosylated haemoglobin levels with thyroid hormones. It is a case control study. One hundred and twenty patients of type 2 diabetes were included in the study along with 117 adults of the same age group and normal glucose levels as controls. All blood samples were taken from subjects who fasted for at least 12 h before the blood collection. Glycosylated hemoglobin was determined by ion exchange chromatography and serum insulin and thyroid hormones were assessed through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin levels were significantly higher in diabetics showing a poor glucose control. Serum tri-iodothyronine values were significantly lower in diabetics. There was a significant correlation between glycosylated haemoglobin and thyroid hormones. There was no correlation between serum insulin and thyroid hormones.     

Proxidant and antioxidant status in patients of type II Diabetes Mellitus with IHD

Patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) are more prone to Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD). Although, oxygen free radicals are known to contribute to the development of IHD, conflicting reports are available regarding the antioxidant status in patients of NIDDM complicated with IHD. This study was undertaken to investigate the oxidative status in patients of NIDDM and to assess their correlation with plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and duration of diabetes. The levels of malondialdehyde were significantly increased where as levels of superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase and vitamin C were significantly decreased in diabetics without complications and non-diabetics with IHD when compared with the controls. The levels of malondialdehyde and Glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased where as levels of superoxide dismutase and vitamin C were significantly decreased in diabetics with IHD when compared with diabetics without complications and non-diabetics with IHD. The implications of the results are discussed.     

Reference Values for Some Renal Function Parameters for Adult Population in North-Rift Valley,Kenya

A population based, cross-sectional study was carried out at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in collaboration with the Regional Blood Transfusion Center, North Rift. 367 participants (211 males and 156 females) were involved in the renal function reference range establishment. Reference ranges were constructed using non-parametric methods to estimate 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of distribution as lower and upper reference limits, respectively. Results showed significant sex and age specific reference values in some of the established renal function parameters. North Rift Kenyan population clinical chemistry reference ranges differ from the American values commonly used in Kenyan Hospitals. The renal function reference values established in this study some of which are sex and age specific can be adopted for the North Rift Kenyan population.     

56例糖尿病患者并低蛋白血症临床分析

１０４例糖尿病患者肝功能检查发现低蛋白血症５６例．男女患病率相仿，与血糖水平、尿蛋白排泄有关．提示糖尿病患者大多数存在营养不良．高血糖及糖尿病肾病是糖尿病患者并发低蛋白血症的重要因素．治疗上在积极控制血糖的同时应加强优质蛋白的补充，预防糖尿病肾病的发生．     

Glycemic control modifies the association between microalbuminuria and c-reactive protein in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Microalbuminuria and C-reactive protein reflect closely related components of the same disease process. The present study attempts to evaluate whether any association exists between C-reactive protein and microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients with poor and adequate glycemic control. It was observed that in diabetics with poor glycemic control, microalbuminuria showed a significant positive correlation with C-reactive protein and the prevalence of microalbuminuria was significantly more at elevated C-reactive protein levels. These parameters were not significant in subjects with adequately controlled disease. Further, there was a significant increase in levels of microalbuminuria in patients with poor glycemic control when compared to well-controlled diabetics at comparative levels of C-reactive protein. This study supports the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory activity are involved in the pathogenesis of microalbuminuria and underscores the importance of glycemic control in the progression of inflammation in diabetes.     

Haptoglobin Polymorphism and Association with Complications in Ghanaian Type 2 Diabetic Patients

There is scanty information on the role of genetic factors, especially those relating to haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes in the expression of complications among diabetes mellitus patients in Ghana. In this study, we investigated whether there is any association between Hp phenotypes and diabetic complications and to determine if association of the Hp phenotypes with diabetic complications in Ghanaian diabetics differ from those in Caucasians. A total of 398 participants were randomly recruited into the study. These comprised diabetic patients numbering 290 attending a diabetes Clinic in Ghana and 108 non-diabetic controls from the same community. Analyses of the results indicate that most of the diabetics with complications were of the Hp 2–2 (35%) and Hp 2–1 (23.9%) phenotypes. Fewer diabetics were found to be of the Hp 2–1 M phenotype. The controls were mostly of Hp 1–1 and Hp 2–1 M phenotypes. The odds ratio of having complications in a diabetic with an Hp 2–2 phenotype was 18.27 times greater than that for Hp 0–0. Hp 2–2 phenotype with its poor antioxidant activity may therefore be a useful predictor for the propensity of an individual to develop diabetes complications.     

浙江省1994—1995年糖尿病流行病学调查报告

为阐明浙江省成人糖尿病患病率及分布状况,由５个地市的部分医院组成了糖尿病调查协作组,按全国糖尿病流行病学调查方案,于１９９４年１１月至１９９５年３月,抽样调查和统计分析了２５岁以上常住人口７９４９人,糖尿病患病率为２．７５％;从４５～５４岁组起患病率明显增高,且随增龄而呈上升趋势;超体重人群患病率是非超体重者的３．２２倍;城市患病率显著高于农村和渔村;杭州、宁波、温州三地区间患病率无统计学上差异;和１９７４～１９８１年我省第一次糖尿病调查相比,患病率上升了５．３５倍     

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Follow-up Along with Vitamin E Supplementation

Increased oxidative stress is a widely accepted participant in the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus and effect of vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress. In all 120 subjects were enrolled in the present study, 40 subjects are age and sex matched controls. Test group comprised of clinically diagnosed (n = 80) type 2 diabetic patients. Biochemical parameters like serum MDA, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, erythrocyte reduced glutathione and platelet aggregation were analyzed in control and diabetic group. Test group is further categorized as Group I (n = 40) diabetics were treated by only hypoglycemic drugs and Group II (n = 40) diabetics were treated by hypoglycemic drugs with vitamin E supplementation. All above biochemical parameters were again reassessed after 3 months follow-up in both group and its values were compared with its respective baseline levels. The study shows, reduction of oxidative stress, improvement in antioxidant enzymes and endothelial dysfunction in group II, those were on treatment of hypoglycemic drugs along with vitamin E supplementation. Hence the present study may conclude that vitamin E supplementation along with hypoglycemic drugs may be beneficial to type 2 DM patients to minimize vascular complications.     

Lipid Parameters, Doses and Blood Levels of Calcineurin Inhibitors in Renal Transplant Patients

The calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) [cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (Tac)] are currently the most widely prescribed drugs for maintenance of immunosuppression after renal transplantation. These immunosuppressants are associated with side effects such as hyperlipidemia. We evaluated the differential effects of different CNIs on serum lipid parameters in renal transplant patients. Moreover, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between doses and blood levels of CNIs, and blood levels of CNIs and lipid parameters retrospectively. Two groups of 98 non-diabetic renal transplant patients, each treated with different CNIs, were studied: group A (n = 50, mean age: 31 ± 10 years), CsA, mycophenolate mofetil/azathioprin, steroid; group B (I = 48, mean age: 34 ± 12 years), Tac, mycophenolate mofetil/azathioprin, steroid. In renal transplant patients, CNIs blood levels and doses were examined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. Biochemical laboratory parameters including plasma lipids [total-cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–CHOL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)–CHOL, and triglycerides (TG)], CNI levels and doses were examined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. None of the patients received anti-lipidemic drugs during the study period. Blood levels of CNIs were detectable in all whole-blood samples by Cloned- Enzyme-Donor Immunoassay (CEDIA). The relationship between CNIs blood levels and CHOL, (LDL)–CHOL, HDL–CHOL, TG were evaluated. The mean serum CHOL levels and LDL–CHOL levels of patients in group A were found significantly higher than the patients in group B during the 12 month of follow up (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in TG and HDL–CHOL plasma levels between group A and group B (p > 0.005). In group A the daily dose of CsA was significantly correlated with the mean blood levels of CsA at the 1st and 3rd months (r = 0.387, p = 0.005; r = 0.386, p = 0.006), respectively. In group A, the daily dose of CsA was significantly correlated with the mean serum TG levels during the 12 month of follow up (r = 0.420, p = 0.003). In group B, the daily dose of Tac was significantly correlated with the mean blood level of Tac (r = 0.335, p = 0.020) at the 1st month. No correlation was found between mean Tac blood levels and lipid parameters during the 12-month of follow up (p > 0.05). Significant positive correlation was observed between the CsA blood levels and LDL–CHOL levels (r = 0.338, p = 0.027) at the 3rd month. In the renal transplant patients with well functioning grafts, CsA therapy is associated with increased CHOL and LDL–CHOL ratio which represents an increased atherogenic risk tended to be associated with CsA. Serum LDL–CHOL levels may be effected by blood CsA levels.     

Pharmacogenetics and personalized treatment of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide epidemic with considerable health and economic consequences. T2DM patients are often treated with more than one drug, including oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) and drugs used to treat diabetic complications, such as dyslipidemia and hypertension. If genetic testing could be employed to predict treatment outcome, appropriate measures could be taken to treat T2DM more efficiently. Here we provide a review of pharmacogenetic studies focused on OAD and a role of common drug-metabolizing enzymes (DME) and drug-transporters (DT) variants in therapy outcomes. For example, genetic variations of several membrane transporters, including SLC22A1/2 and SLC47A1/2 genes, are implicated in the highly variable glycemic response to metformin, a first-line drug used to treat newly diagnosed T2DM. Furthermore, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are implicated in variation of sulphonylurea and meglitinide metabolism. Additional variants related to drug target and diabetes risk genes have been also linked to interindividual differences in the efficacy and toxicity of OAD. Thus, in addition to promoting safe and cost-effective individualized diabetes treatment, pharmacogenomics has a great potential to complement current efforts to optimize treatment of diabetes and lead towards its effective and personalized care.     

Immunoisolated Transplantation of Purified Langerhans Islet Cells in Testis Cortex of Male Rats for Treatment of Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes Mellitus

The objective of this study is to induce experimental diabetes mellitus by streptozotocin in normal adult Wistar rats via comparison of changes in body weight, consumption of food, volume of water, urine and levels of glucose, insulin and C-peptide in serum, between normal and diabetic rats. Intra-venous injection of 60 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin in 250–300 g (75–90 days) adult Wistar rats makes pancreas swell and causes degeneration in Langerhans islet β-cells and induces experimental diabetes mellitus in 2–4 days. For a microscopic study of degeneration of Langerhans islet β-cells of diabetic rats, biopsy from pancreas tissue of diabetic and normal rats, staining and comparison between them, were done. In this process, after collagenase digestion of pancreas, islets were isolated, dissociated and identified by dithizone method and then with enzymatic procedure by DNase and trypsin, the islet cells changed into single cells and β-cells were identified by immune fluorescence method and then assayed by flow-cytometer. Donor tissue in each step of work was prepared from 38 adult male Wistar rats weighted 250–300 g (75–90 days). Transplantation was performed in rats after 2–4 weeks of diabetes induction. In this study, the levels of insulin, C-peptide and glucose in diabetic rats reached to normal range as compared to un-diabetic rats in 20 days after transplantation of islet cells. Transplantation was performed under the cortex of testis as immunoisolated place for islet cells transplantation.     

Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and its Association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Mutations in different regions of adiponectin gene have been reported to be associated with obesity, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study was aimed to investigate the association among SNP 45 T > G of adiponectin gene and type 2 diabetes in South Indian population. 75 clinically diagnosed case of type 2 diabetes were studied and compared with 75 apparently healthy controls. The genotype frequency of SNP45 T > G in exon 2 of adiponectin gene was determined by PCR based restriction enzyme analysis using the restriction enzyme SmaI. (recognition site: CCC↓GGG). Three kind of genotypes: wild type TT (470 bp), heterozygous type TG (470 bp, 336 bp, 134 bp) and homozygote mutant type GG (336 bp, 134 bp) were studied. A positive association has been found between SNP45 T > G and type 2 diabetes in the study population (P = 0.010, OR = 3.797, 95% CI = 1.312–10.983). Therefore, SNP45T > G in adiponectin gene may be one of the risk factors for type 2 diabetes.     

Maternal Leptin,Adiponectin, Resistin,Visfatin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Normal and Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common medical complication associated with pregnancy. The present study evaluates the changes in maternal adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNF-α) in pregnancy complicated with GDM compared to normal pregnancy at 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The study included total number of 142 pregnant women classified into 4 groups: normal pregnancy (n = 33) and pregnancy with GDM (n = 24) both at 2nd trimester and normal pregnancy (n = 38) and GDM (n = 47) at 3rd trimester. Both GDM groups were significantly presented with elevated body mass index, fasting blood sugar and abnormal oral glucose tolerance test compared to their matched control. Results indicated reduction in maternal serum leptin and adiponectin in GDM compared to normal pregnancy at 3rd trimester. Elevated resistin and TNF-α were evident among pregnancy complicated with GDM at both tested trimesters. On the other hand, significant elevation in maternal visfatin was noted between GDM and matched control at 2nd trimester only. Significant increase in maternal leptin and visfatin and resistin was noted by advances in gestational period in healthy pregnancy. On the other hand, reduced adiponectin and elevated visfatin mean values were noticed in GDM at 3rd compared to 2nd trimester. It could be concluded that increased insulin resistance accompanies GDM is associated with suppressed leptin and adiponectin and increased resistin and TNF-α which might suggest their involvement in the development of GDM.