Examining the Effects and Feasibility of a Teacher-Implemented Tier 1 and Tier 2 Intervention in Word Reading,Fluency, and Comprehension

This study investigates the effects and feasibility of an intervention for first-grade students at risk for reading difficulties or disabilities (RD). The intervention was provided by general education classroom teachers and consisted of 15 min whole-class comprehension lessons (Tier 1) and 30 min Tier 2 intervention sessions in word reading, comprehension, and text reading. First-grade teachers (n = 21), with 4–5 students at risk for reading difficulties and potential reading disability were randomly assigned to treatment or typical practice comparison conditions. Significant group differences were detected on all measures of word reading, decoding, and fluency. Effect sizes were educationally important for all measures of word reading, decoding, and reading comprehension; however, effects on standardized measures were smaller than those in prior studies with similar students in which intervention was typically provided outside the regular classroom. An exploratory analysis indicated that students at different parts of the pretest and posttest distributions responded more and less positively to the intervention, providing insights that may help guide future revisions. The study provides preliminary evidence of the intervention's promise for positively impacting student outcomes.     

Experimental Effects of Word Generation on Vocabulary,Academic Language,Perspective Taking,and Reading Comprehension in High-Poverty Schools

Abstract

With a sample of 7,752 fourth- to seventh-grade students in 25 schools which were randomized at the school level to condition, this article reports experimental impacts of an enhanced version of Word Generation on student outcomes at the end of Year 1 and of Year 2. Word Generation employs analysis, synthesis, critique, and problem-solving activities to build students’ academic language, perspective taking, and ultimately their reading comprehension. Results indicate that the program improves the proximate outcome of academic vocabulary included in the curriculum after the first and second year of implementation for all students (Y1 effect size (ES)?=?.22, Y2?=?.28 for fourth and fifth graders; Y1 ES?=?.13, Y2?=?.16 for sixth and seventh graders). For those in the fourth and fifth grades, their perspective positioning skills also improved at the end of the first year (ES?=?.14), and their academic language skills (ES?=?.06), perspective articulation and positioning skills (ES?=?.12, .19), and reading comprehension (ES?=?.15) improved at the end of the second year. Among sixth and seventh graders, there were improvements in perspective positioning skills (ES?=?.19) and reading comprehension (ES?=?.10) at the end of Year 2. Effects after both Years 1 and 2 were stronger in high-exposure classrooms.     

Effects of a Supplemental Vocabulary Intervention on the Word Knowledge of Kindergarten Students At Risk for Language and Literacy Difficulties

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a vocabulary intervention designed to supplement research‐based classroom vocabulary instruction, implemented with students who may be at risk for language and learning difficulties. Participants included 43 kindergarten students who received research‐based classroom vocabulary instruction. Students with the 20 lowest scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test‐III administered at pretest received additional small‐group supplemental vocabulary intervention. Results of within‐subjects comparisons indicated that, overall, at‐risk students made greater gains in word knowledge on target words that received the supplemental intervention as compared to words that received only classroom‐based instruction. In addition, at‐risk students who received the supplemental intervention demonstrated word‐learning gains that approached those of their peers who received classroom instruction alone. Implications along with limitations of the current study and directions for future research are discussed.     

浅议词汇知识扩展策略

本文以词汇语用学等研究成果为理论依据,提出词汇习得需要掌握完备的知识,包括词形、发音、意义、搭配、用法、联想等各方面知识。因此,学习者应运用多种词汇学习策略,提高词汇学习效率,扩大词汇量,同时提高词汇知识深度,并且结合词汇运用,通过语境阅读、口语交际、写作等训练,加深、扩展词汇知识,同时训练用外语听、说、读、写的能力,有效达到语言习得的目标。     

英语词汇强度知识、深度知识与阅读关系探究

英语词汇知识在英语阅读理解中所起的重要作用是毋庸置疑的,但是词汇知识的框架是复杂而多维的。测量了英语学习者的词汇强度知识及词汇深度知识,以揭示英语学习者英语词汇知识的全貌,并证实了英语词汇强度知识及深度知识在阅读中所起的不同作用。文章研究结果还表明,在词汇强度知识的四个样态中积极回忆样态对阅读有最强的预测力,而词汇深度知识中的词汇意义比搭配更能预测学习者的阅读能力。     

英语阅读中的词汇问题与在上下文中猜词的策略

在阅读英语过程中,难免会碰到一些陌生的单词,为了能更好地理解所读材料,如何处理这些生词是很重要的。一直以来,生词的辨认与猜测是阻碍英语阅读的一个瓶颈。对此,我们需要一些技巧,并将这此技巧综合运用到阅读中去。本文就阅读中碰到的生词问题,学生的识词过程,猜测生词所应遵循的步骤,以及如何有效地从上下文中猜测生词的含义等方面进行了系统的阐述。     

超媒体注释对二语词汇附带习得的影响

本研究旨在考察超媒体注释对中国学习者在阅读中习得英语词汇的作用。试验结果表明:就语言因素而言,中文注释模式与英文注释模式对词汇的附带习得有显著性差别,中文注释模式优于英语注释模式;就图片因素而言,有图模式对英语词汇附带习得的效果并无明显的优势;而语言因素和图片的交互作用对词汇的习得有明显优势,中文+图片注释模式对于词汇附带习得最为有效。     

The Impact of Vocabulary Instruction on Passage-Level Comprehension of School-Age Children: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

A meta-analysis of vocabulary interventions in grades pre-K to 12 was conducted with 37 studies to better understand the impact of vocabulary on comprehension. Vocabulary instruction was found to be effective at increasing students' ability to comprehend text with custom measures (d = 0.50), but was less effective for standardized measures (d = 0.10). When considering only custom measures, and controlling for method variables, students with reading difficulties (d = 1.23) benefited more than three times as much as students without reading problems (d = 0.39) on comprehension measures. Gains on vocabulary measures, however, were comparable across reading ability. In addition, the correlation of vocabulary and comprehension effects from studies reporting both outcomes was modest (r = .43).     

大学英语四级层面上词汇深度和广度与阅读理解的关系

研究在大学英语四级层面上词汇深度和广度与阅读理解的关系。研究结果显示词汇的各个方面对阅读理解能力有着不同的作用。在四级层面上,词汇广度和深度与阅读理解有显著性正相关。相比词汇深度,词汇广度可以更好的预测阅读理解能力。综合本研究的结果以及前人研究,本研究提出了一个有关词汇水平与阅读理解能力关系的假设模型。     

CET4中词汇结构题与阅读理解题的相关性研究

本文以30名非英语专业本科生为样本，调查分析了其在两次大学英语四级模拟测试中词汇结构题和阅读理解题的得分及其相关关系的情况。结果表明，词汇结构题和阅读理解题的成绩没有显著的相关性。最后根据研究结果对大学英语教学提出了一些建议。     

Efficacy of Rich Vocabulary Instruction in Fourth- and Fifth-Grade Classrooms

A multi-cohort cluster randomized trial was conducted to estimate effects of rich vocabulary classroom instruction on vocabulary and reading comprehension. A total of 1,232 fourth- and fifth-grade students from 61 classrooms in 24 schools completed the study. Students received instruction in 140 Tier Two vocabulary words featured in two grade-level novels. Teachers were randomly assigned to either rich vocabulary (treatment) or to business as usual (control). Teachers in the treatment condition allotted 30 minutes per day to the intervention for 14 weeks. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed positive, significant treatment effects on distal and proximal measures of vocabulary and comprehension. However, average distal treatment effects were small (approximate d =.15) compared with proximal effects (approximate d = 1.24). Observations of teachers’ language arts instruction indicated that treatment teachers spent significantly more time on vocabulary and less time on comprehension instruction than did teachers in the control condition. Results support the intensity and depth of the instruction for learning the taught corpus of words, and modest transfer to global vocabulary and comprehension.     

The Impact of a Professional Development Program on Teachers' Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching,Instruction, and Student Achievement

In this paper, we describe findings from a three-year evaluation of a well-developed mathematics professional development program that is commercially available on a wide scale. The professional development is designed to improve teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching and to enable them to elicit more student thinking and reasoning during mathematics lessons. Specifically, it focused on helping teachers (a) learn more mathematics, (b) understand how children learn math, (c) use formative assessment to develop insight into what specific students know and do not know, and (d) develop effective classroom instructional strategies that enable student problem solving. Participants included 105 fourth- and fifth-grade teachers teaching in 19 low-income schools within a single district. Teachers were randomly assigned within schools either to a “business as usual” control group or to receive the professional development. The training consisted of a week-long summer institute and four to six in-service days during the school year. The training was run by full-time trained associates. We find some limited evidence of positive impacts on teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching, but no effects on instructional practice or student outcomes.     

The Effects of a Story-Reading Program on the Vocabulary and Story Comprehension Skills of Disadvantaged Prekindergarten and Kindergarten Students

This paper describes the development and effects of a story-reading program (STaR) on the language and comprehension of disadvantaged prekindergarten and kindergarten students. The story-reading program was developed as a part of a school restructuring effort, Success for All. STaR contains materials (sequence cards, flannel board materials), and methods (retelling, dramatization) to facilitate the effective use of stones in classrooms. Individual students from a matched control school were matched with experimental students in the pro- gram assessment. The Merrill Language Screening Test and the TOLD were individually administered to 206 prekindergarten (43 matched pairs) and kindergarten students (60 matched pairs) to measure program effects on language. Positive effects for program ranged from .24 to 3.75.     

词汇知识与英语阅读能力的关系

以108名非英语专业大学本科生为研究对象,考查了词汇量、词汇深度与阅读能力的关系。运用SPSS11.0对测试数据做了相关性分析,结果表明:(l)词汇量、词汇深度和阅读间存在高度正相关关系;(2)词汇深度与阅读的相关程度大于词汇量与阅读的相关程度;(3)在所考查的词汇深度指标中,同义词和阅读的相关度最高,其次是形名搭配,再次是反义词,但动名搭配和阅读间没有发现显著性的相关关系。     

教育知识图谱构建中的标准词汇参考模型研究

教育是典型的知识密集型领域,因此,进行领域知识的共享研究对教育领域的发展非常重要。多年信息化的历史经验告诫我们:共享的前提是必须对领域资源实施标准化。尽管我国教育领域研发了系列教育元数据标准,但是从智慧教育的需求来看,这些标准普遍表现为缺乏语义、比较零散、体系不够完善等。随着近些年知识图谱的提出,为教育资源的知识整合发展提供了重要的技术手段。然而,目前知识图谱构建的主要焦点在构建技术方面,忽视了构建中的标准化问题。长此以往,领域将会构建出很多“知识孤岛”。为解决这些问题,本文在对国内外教育领域内标准进行研究的基础上,以系统理论为依据提出并构建了一个集预定义词汇的W3C语义Web标准、顶层词汇标准和领域词汇标准于一体的三层架构模型——教育资源知识图谱标准词汇参考模型。基于该模型建构知识图谱,不仅为教育领域数据的标准化提供标准词汇参考,而且也为规范构建教育领域知识图谱提供了参考。     

二语词汇知识理论框架的构建

通过回顾国内外二语词汇知识的研究现状,认为应将词汇知识广度纳入一个总体理论框架中,从而构建相对完整的二语词汇知识理论框架,为二语词汇的教与学提供了较完整的理论依据。     

英语词汇的文化内涵与词汇教学

词汇是语言有机组成部分。在传统的词汇教学过程中,我们对词的讲解重点在于它的音、形、义,而义的讲解仅停留在字面意义上,对词汇深层次的文化内涵讲得甚少。因此,学生学习词汇只是重复进行枯燥无味的记忆,文化知识的贫乏导致了在跨文化交际中出现一些笑话和错误。由此可见,在讲解所学语言词汇时,导入其文化内涵及产生这一词义的历史文化和背景知识显得尤为重要。在本文中,笔者主要就英语词汇的文化内涵与词汇教学等方面内容进行浅析。     

浅谈信息技术在初中英语词汇教学中的应用策略

随着互联网的发展,现有的多媒体教学法也逐步得到了优化,为广大师生提供了更为适宜的资源环境,促进了现代教育的发展和改革。在初中阶段中,英语词汇教学是英语教学内的一大重点,但在以往的教学条件下,词汇教学的方式往往较为刻板,无法充分吸引学生的注意力。因此,为提高词汇教学的质量,本文简要分析了初中英语词汇教学的现有问题,探究了信息技术为初中英语词汇教学带来的优势,并对信息技术在初中英语词汇教学内的应用策略进行了相应的总结。     

语料库在词汇研究中被忽视的问题

应用语料库来促进英语词汇的教学和研究是近年来的一个前沿科研课题。大多数学者认为语料库的应用具有“及时性、精确性和地道性”的优点。针对这个评价,本文提出质疑。质疑的目的不是否定本领域的研究,而是指出它的几个隐形问题,以便把本领域的研究进行的更深入、更有效、更科学。