基于三螺旋模型的国家实验室协同创新测度及启示

基于三螺旋模型考察国家实验室科研生态的协同创新体系,为三螺旋的实践拓展提供有效验证和分析案例,也为大科学工程的协同创新模式提供分析思路和情报学基础。选择美国3所代表性国家实验室和中国生物科学学科国家重点实验室集群作为研究对象,基于三螺旋模型测度分析国家实验室在政府-产业-科研机构三维关系中的协同创新态势,并增加国际合作维度,将其纳入拓展的四螺旋模型进一步深入分析。国家实验室的科研机构-政府-产业的协同创新机制基本成型,创新主体利用各自优势互动形成持续的创新动力机制,但中国生物科学国家重点实验室集群的多方协同关系相对松散,尤其在产业机构和国际机构合作方面的协同互动仍需进一步加强。     

一项基于综合性大学的协同创新实证分析——以海洋微生物功能分子广东高校重点实验室为例

综合性大学的协同创新要以需求为导向,构建以任务为纽带的组织管理方式,突破学科间的壁垒,充分发挥高校自身人才、学科、科研等多方面优势,通过深度合作,实现"1+12"的科研突破。通过对海洋微生物功能分子广东高校重点实验室的建设进行总结,分析构建协同创新体的导向、组织管理方式、创新要素以及其资源汇集方式,实证分析实现协同创新的途径和方法。     

资源依赖与模块化交叉调节下的产学研用协同创新研究

本文关注的核心问题是：如何以用户需求为导向,构建有效的产学研用协同创新的模式和机制？围绕这一问题,桥接了资源依赖、模块化理论和协同创新理论,分析了在资源依赖和模块化的交叉调节下对于产学研用协同创新的影响关系。在此基础上,研究设计基于模块化的产学研用协同创新网络组织模型和模块化协调机制。结合案例验证发现：（1）在以模块为交互载体的产学研用协同创新网络组织中,资源依赖能够促进产学研各方的合作创新,而模块化既能改善资源过度依赖问题,还能担当创新需求方与供给侧的整合者;（2）模块化可以有效促进需求分析?模块创新?资源配置?组织协同的过渡,且利于确立产学研用协同创新重点和策略;（3）基于模块化的协调机制（规范性约束机制、延续性交互机制和架构调节机制）,有利于促进企业、大学、科研院所等创新主体之间知识交互和知识创新,有利于推动产学研用协同创新网络组织的持续运转。     

基于科研与科普融合的科技馆实验室建设探讨——以日本科学未来馆为例

国际众多科技馆在展厅内设立面向公众开放实验室的做法与科学普及和科技创新融合的趋势相契合，对尚待破题的“如何更有效地将科研与科普紧密结合”具有启示和借鉴意义。因此，以日本科学未来馆驻馆科研项目为研究对象，对项目设置背景、申报、入选特征和成效等方面展开基本梳理与归纳，总结得出其主要两大经验做法分别为采用自下而上的实验室建设协同模式和基于实验室功能拓展的路径设计，形成多方合作的横向合作关系网络和科学传播网络，并通过科学教育、传播和创新层面的功能拓展营造全民参与科技创新的文化氛围。由此结合我国情境讨论设立驻馆科研项目的可借鉴性，提出争取更多资源设立科普科研融合实验室项目、协同推进多方合作平台建设、完善科普科研融合项目评估机制等策略，为发展和全面提升依托实验室开展科普活动效果提供借鉴。     

基于CAS的创新人才的培养机制及对策研究：协同创新的视角

目前我国大力倡导的协同创新是一种新兴的创新合作方式,以此为平台进行创新人才的培养具有很强的探索价值。协同创新是一个复杂的过程,创新主体通过激活创新要素、共享创新资源与优化资源配置来获得创新成果效用的最大化,其本质就是损益与共的企业与学研机构之间的互利合作模式。在这种合作模式中,合作双方在追求各自利益最大化的同时共同创造了一个有利于创新人才培养的协同创新环境,并能够保持连续有效的培养效果,是一种超越传统产学研合作的更加优越的新型人才培养模式。结合复杂适应系统理论,从动因机制、目标机制等六个方面构建协同创新下创新人才的培养机制;利用Netlogo仿真平台,通过多主体建模仿真证明了该机制的正确性;最后从利益协同、人才聚集、信任分派、知识共享和建立国际化的协同创新平台五个方面提出提升协同创新下创新人才培养的对策建议。     

基于CAS的创新人才培养机制及对策研究:协同创新的视角

目前我国大力倡导的协同创新是一种新兴的创新合作方式,以此为平台进行创新人才的培养具有很强的探索价值。协同创新是一个复杂的过程,创新主体通过激活创新要素、共享创新资源与优化资源配置来获得创新成果效用的最大化,其本质就是损益与共的企业与学研机构之间的互利合作模式。在这种合作模式中,合作双方在追求各自利益最大化的同时共同创造了一个有利于创新人才培养的协同创新环境,并能够保持连续有效的培养效果,是一种超越传统产学研合作的更加优越的新型人才培养模式。结合复杂适应系统理论,从动因机制、目标机制等六个方面构建协同创新下创新人才的培养机制;利用Netlogo仿真平台,通过多主体建模仿真证明了该机制的正确性;最后从利益协同、人才聚集、信任分派、知识共享和建立国际化的协同创新平台五个方面提出提升协同创新下创新人才培养的对策建议。     

协同创新视角下英国科技教育的产学研合作机制研究

以协同创新为视角,分析英国科技教育形成和发展的动态演化过程,探讨其基于产学研合作的相关特征,并通过构建作用机制模型从内部资源整合和外部主体协同两个层面对产学研合作机制进行剖析,以此提出促进我国科技教育体系发展与产学研合作的政策建议。     

政产学研用协同创新的冲突识别与融合机制研究

创新驱动经济发展要求整合高校、企业、科研机构等创新资源,推进政产学研用协同创新。基于政产学研用协同创新的社会环境和技术水平,分析各主体在协同创新中的功能定位,从文化、目标与利益3个方面剖析其存在的矛盾与冲突;从创新价值链视角分析创新研发、成果转化和产业化3个阶段的各主体合作关系,并从政府引导机制、资源共享机制、平台运行机制、人才互动机制和利益分配机制5个方面构建政产学研用协同创新的融合机制。研究结果丰富了政产学研用协同创新的相关理论研究,可为有关部门的政策制定提供参考。     

基于信号博弈的产学研协同创新的技术转移模型分析

产学研协同创新的技术转移机制可以加快高校与科研院所的科技成果转化率,提升国家自主创新能力,实现产学研各方的资源共享及共赢。然而,由于信息的不对称阻碍了产学研协同创新的技术转移成功运行。通过建立产学研协同创新的技术转移信号博弈模型,分析影响产学研协同创新的技术转移成功运行的因素,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

美国能源部国家实验室基础研究特征及启示

国家实验室是面向世界科技前沿和国家战略需求开展高水平基础和应用基础研究的战略科技力量和重大原始创新的平台。如何强化目标导向的国家实验室战略性基础研究,并与产学研开展关键技术协同攻关,提高我国前沿技术和战略领域的原始创新能力,是我国国家实验室建设中亟待解决的关键问题。美国能源部国家实验室是美国开展战略性基础研究和前沿技术探索的核心力量,在世界同类机构中处于领先地位。基于基础研究投入-产出分析框架,对美国能源部国家实验室战略性基础研究组织运行模式及产出特征进行系统调研和分析,研究发现,美国能源部国家实验室基于明确的战略定位和研究方向,组织开展战略性基础研究,在经费投入结构和研发团队结构、基础研究产出水平、学科领域布局等方面各具特点;国家实验室通过与政府、非营利机构、大学和企业以及国家实验室之间的合作开展协同研究与创新,同时开展差异化的国际合作研究,形成以发达国家为主、并不断加强与中国合作的国际合作模式。研究结果对我国布局建设国家实验室、开展战略性基础研究具有重要的参鉴价值。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.