How can we know a self-driving car is safe?

Self-driving cars promise solutions to some of the hazards of human driving but there are important questions about the safety of these new technologies. This paper takes a qualitative social science approach to the question ‘how safe is safe enough?’ Drawing on 50 interviews with people developing and researching self-driving cars, I describe two dominant narratives of safety. The first, safety-in-numbers, sees safety as a self-evident property of the technology and offers metrics in an attempt to reassure the public. The second approach, safety-by-design, starts with the challenge of safety assurance and sees the technology as intrinsically problematic. The first approach is concerned only with performance—what a self-driving system does. The second is also concerned with why systems do what they do and how they should be tested. Using insights from workshops with members of the public, I introduce a further concern that will define trustworthy self-driving cars: the intended and perceived purposes of a system. Engineers’ safety assurances will have their credibility tested in public. ‘How safe is safe enough?’ prompts further questions: ‘safe enough for what?’ and ‘safe enough for whom?’

     

基于SCI网络版的中山大学科研论文收录统计分析

2010年SCI共收录中山大学教师论文2816篇,其中以中山大学为第一作者单位发表的SCI非医学类论文共有917篇,分布于750种期刊上,平均影响因子为2.072,是历年的新高。通过分析中山大学2010年SCI收录论文的情况,从如何合理使用SCI评价功能,如何提高SCI论文的被引率以及投稿技巧等方面提出几点建议。     

Adopting and consuming innovations

This paper aims to improve understanding of how innovations are diffused through combining perspectives on the adoption and consumption of innovation. The literature on the adoption of innovation mainly examines issues such as technical functionalities, utility and personality factors. In contrast, research on the consumption of innovation is concerned with the context and meaning of consumer decisions and the values that underlie them. The paper is conceptual and uses Weber’s categories of meaning in action to argue the value of combining the primarily ‘rational’ innovation adoption literature with the more ‘emotive’ consumption literature. By reference to the consumption of hybrid cars, we show how the innovation adoption literature can be valuably supplemented by an understanding of what consumers of innovation do, why they do it and what doing it means to them. We argue that this combination provides a more holistic understanding of how innovations diffuse and has implications for those delivering, using and researching innovation.     

Reinforcing data bias in crisis information management: The case of the Yemen humanitarian response

The complex and uncertain environment of the humanitarian response to crises can lead to data bias, which can affect decision-making. Evidence of data bias in crisis information management (CIM) remains scattered despite its potentially significant impact on crisis response. To understand what biases emerge in complex crises and how they affect CIM, we conducted a combined interview and document analysis study. Focusing on the largest humanitarian crisis in the world, i.e., the conflict in Yemen, we conducted 25 interviews with managers and analysts of response organizations, and assessed 47 reports and datasets created by response organizations in Yemen. We find evidence of a cycle of bias reinforcement through which bias cascades between field, headquarters and donor levels of crisis response. Researchers, as well as practitioners, need to consider these underlying biases and reinforcement loops because they influence what data can be collected when, by whom, from whom, and how the data is shared and used. To the CIM literature, we contribute an in-depth understanding of how four types of data bias emerge in crises: political, accessibility, topical, and sampling bias.     

太阳物理研究与发展

太阳是离地球最近的一颗恒星,也是人类可以进行具有一定空间分辨率地详细观测和研究的唯一恒星,在现代物理学和天文学的发展中扮演着重要的角色;同时,太阳为人类家园带来了温暖和光明,太阳的剧烈活动也对人类产生重大影响,探索太阳对现代社会的可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。本文简要介绍了太阳物理学的基本内容、研究方法,总结了过去半个多世纪太阳物理学研究所取得的主要成就,在此基础上对太阳物理学的前沿科学难题及未来发展前景进行了讨论。     

Yi-Gang Xu: the Earth's deep interior holds the key to habitability

The deep Earth is the engine of whole Earth systems and plays a key role in surface evolution and geological hazards. Scientists have been deciphering the internal processes that shape our habitable planet, especially since the formulation of plate tectonics theory. To date, how the deep Earth works remains mysterious. At the end of 2020, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) started to set up the Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, headquartered in the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG), with long-term support for these emerging and interdisciplinary research areas. NSR recently talked to Professor Yi-Gang Xu, GIG’s Director, about why the study of the Earth''s interior is essential, the current progress of deep Earth science in China, and what makes our planet habitable.     

组织信任与知识共享行为的演化博弈分析

知识是企业最为重要的战略性资源，为了提高知识的价值，企业需要促进员工间知识共享行为以增加其竞争优势。在有限理性的基础上，构建知识共享行为的演化博弈模型，依此分析影响员工间知识共享行为的因素，探究组织信任对知识共享行为的影响。结果表明，知识数量、知识贡献系数、共享奖励系数和共享惩罚系数与知识共享行为正相关而共享风险系数和成本系数与知识共享行为反相关，情感信任促进知识获取而认知信任促进知识贡献。     

Contextual factors affecting the utility of surrogates within exploratory search

In this paper we investigate how information surrogates might be useful in exploratory search and what information it is useful for a surrogate to contain. By comparing assessments based on artificially created information surrogates, we investigate the effect of the source of information, the quality of an information source and the date of information upon the assessment process. We also investigate how varying levels of topical knowledge, assessor confidence and prior expectation affect the assessment of information surrogates. We show that both types of contextual information affect how the information surrogates are judged and what actions are performed as a result of the surrogates.     

MPS／CAS Partner Group on Radio Astronomy

The Partner Group does research on cosmic magnetic fields using radio astronomy methods. Magnetic fields are found in every astronomical object: the Earth, the Sun, planets, stars, pulsars, the Milky Way, nearby galaxies and in distant radio galaxies. The role of the magnetic fields in the cosmic universe has not been well investigated, mainly because of the difficulties of their observation. The Partner Group has executed several successful observational projects using the 100m radio telescope in Effelsberg, the Very Large Array in the USA and the Australia Telescope National Facilities to collect polarization data tracing the magnetic fields in the Milky Way. The group further plans to install a 6cm receiver system in a 25m radio telescope in Urumqi next summer to make polarization observations that give an unambiguous picture of magnetic field structures emerging from the disk of the Milky Way.     

基于孙子情报分析理论的战略情报分析框架构建

[研究目的]战略情报分析主要是由情报专家人工分析为主,在信息系统方面的建设还比较薄弱,文章结合情报分析过程,提出基于孙子情报分析理论构建标签体系,作为信息系统设计实现的一种参考。[研究方法]通过孙子情报分析理论、标签的定义、战略情报分析过程描述了战略情报分析标签体系的构建及其作用,提出了以顶层标签作为切入点构建战略问题分析模型,以及战略情报分析计算模型。[研究结论]标签体系应用广泛,以孙子情报分析理论的“道、天、地、将、法”为基础构建战略情报分析标签体系,进行战略问题分析建模与计算,对战略情报分析研究和相关信息系统建设具有一定的指导意义。     

Gamma-ray Bursts:Progresses at Purple Mountain Observatory

A gamma-ray burst(GRB) is an extremely luminous flash of gamma rays that occurs as the result of an explosion,and is thought to be associated with the formation of a black hole.Most GRBs are billions of light years away from Earth,implying that the explosions are both extremely energetic(a typical burst releases as     

公司政治关联国外研究新进展

公司政治关联问题引起了战略管理学者的广泛关注,正成为一个前景广阔的热点研究领域.本文系统回顾了最近几年本领域国外研究的新进展,突出了针对转型经济体公司政治关联研究的新贡献.本文试图梳理如下问题:公司政治关联会产生哪些效应;在什么条件下存在政治关联;其作用的发挥受到哪些因素调节;以何种方式进行而发挥作用.在总结目前研究局限的基础上,提出了未来四个主要研究方向.     

An organisational perspective on the cluster paradox: Exploring how members of a cluster manage the tension between continuity and renewal

Clusters face what has been referred to as a ‘cluster paradox’; a situation in which a collective identity breeds cohesion and efficiency in inter-organisational collaboration, yet it hinders the variety needed to adapt to disruptive change and prevent lock-in situations. Accordingly, a recurring theme in the literature on cluster evolution and cluster life-cycles is the need for constant renewal to allow clusters to adapt to a changing environment. However, how individual firms enact a process of cluster renewal and consider possible response options is not well understood. Using a French energy cluster as empirical setting, this paper investigates individual members’ enactment of the renewal in terms of how it could affect their current position, both structurally and relationally, and to what extent members felt that they had agency to steer the process to safeguard their position. The findings show that members’ enactment of the proposed change does not only depend on the perceived impact of cluster renewal on the member itself but also on the impact the renewal might have on other members in the firm’s network. The analysis also suggests that cluster renewal leads to a leadership vacuum where it is not clear who, if anyone, will lead the renewal process.     

Every system should have one: A collection of properties which can be used as a criterion for evaluating the quality of a system

This research paper covers what a system is and what characterizes one. The list of properties can be used to identify a system and to inspect how it measures up when tested against this checklist. Consequently, systems can be compared according to how they do on this property evaluation criterion.     

Environmental innovation and R&D cooperation: Empirical evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms

This paper explores the relationship between firms’ R&D cooperation strategies and their propensity to introduce environmental innovations.Previous literature has supported that environmental innovations differ from other innovations as far as externalities and drivers of their introduction are concerned, highlighting mainly the importance of regulation to trigger them. Using data from the Community Innovation Survey on Spanish manufacturing firms (PITEC), this paper investigates specificities that affect rather how they are developed, and in particular the higher importance of R&D cooperation with external partners.The econometric estimations, controlling for selection bias, suggest that environmental innovative firms cooperate on innovation with external partners to a higher extent than other innovative firms. Furthermore, cooperation with suppliers, KIBS and universities is more relevant than for other innovators, whereas cooperation with clients does not seem to be differentially important. Finally, the results bespoke of a substitution effect between cooperation activities and the internal R&D effort.     

基于IPA法的民居类世界遗产地游客满意度评价——以福建永定土楼为例

近年我国民居类世界遗产地旅游获得快速发展。以典型民居类世界遗产地福建永定土楼为例,从游客满意的视角出发,构建土楼游客满意度评价指标体系,采用IPA法与问卷调查法,评价福建永定土楼游客满意度。结果表明：①游客认为影响土楼旅游满意度的各要素与指标均具有较高的重要性,其中以旅游资源特色、旅游交通状况、旅游安全与环境质量最重要;②IPA指数分析表明,要素层与指标层的满意度均低于重要性,其中87.5%的要素层因素的满意度与重要性存在3.15%～35.48%的差距,而93.10%的指标层因素的满意度与重要性存在1.11%～56.38%的差距;依据IPA指数测评标准,对要素层和指标层中的各因素进行评价;③针对IPA指数与象限分析结果,提出各象限的提升策略。研究成果可为福建土楼旅游开发提供科学的理论指导与实践借鉴,有助于民居类世界遗产地的科学保护与旅游可持续发展。     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国环境的影响

通过分析绿色贸易壁垒对我国环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC曲线）形状的影响，探讨了绿色贸易壁垒对我国环境的影响。并给出绿色贸易壁垒将可能从两方面影响我国EKC曲线的形状；一方面绿色贸易壁垒将可能影响我国EKC曲线转折点的峰值，即导致我国EKC曲线顶点被拔高；另一方面绿色贸易壁垒将可能影响我国EKC曲线转折点峰值出现的时间，延长我国处于污染增加阶段的时间；最后就如何减轻或消除绿色贸易壁垒对我国环境造成的消极影响，进行了初步的分析。     

低温降水对未来强震的指示意义

本文列举震前低温降水与强震相对应的案例。指出这种对应关系的内在机制是:震前地壳内应力增强裂隙增多,使地下气体大量逸出,大气中气溶胶浓度增大;从诱发寒潮,反射、吸收太阳入射辐射、改变云层性质及作为水蒸气凝结核造成降水等方面导致低温。     

信息市场—熵—宏观调控

信息市场的发育如何，直接关系到信息市场体制的建立与有效运行。就现阶段来讲，我国的信息市场发育进程 中还存在着一些尚待解决的问题，如信息市场主体缺乏自主性、市场运行规范化程度低等。为此，引用耗散结构的理论进行分析研究信息市场的特征，同时提出有利于我国信息市场健康发育的可行性对策，正是本文用意所在。     

可用性测试方法在IA研究中的应用

企业进行信息构建时必须研究用户，而可用性测试作为信息构建的重要组成部分，是一种研究用户的有效手段，通过规范的可用性测试过程，可了解用户行为并指导网站设计。作为可用性测试方法的一种，卡片分拣法可以探索用户对于网站信息如何分类，以此提高用户搜索成功率。