实现高校体育课程基本目标的对策分析

新制定的《全国普通高等学校体育课程教学指导纲要》(以下简称《纲要》)明确提出了高校体育课程的基本目标。然而，就目前的高校体育教学模式而言，许多高校依然停留在“增强体质、培养‘三基’”的基础上。观念的滞后严重阻碍了我国高校体育的发展。坚持与时俱进，不断更新观念，是我们实现高校体育课程基本目标的前提。     

对高校体育开展有偿服务的思考

在当前我国社会主义市场经济体制下，高校体育应在思想认识、运行机制和操作方法上主动地适应市场经济的基本要求，应积极开展有偿服务，以增强高校体育的发展活力，更好地满足不同层次人民群众日益增长的增强体质和精神文化生活的需要。     

体育教学俱乐部模式的改革与实践

在理论与实践的基础上,研究分析了我国高校体育教学体制和运行机制,创建出“体育教学俱乐部”新模式,将传统教学形式与俱乐部的活动形式有机结合,达到“增强体质、促进健康”的体育教学目的。     

体育活动与情绪调节

本文从体育活动能增强体质、发泄、娱乐、磨练意志、变换境绪等功能,阐述体育活动对抵制和调节不良情绪的一种极为良好的方法,它的优越性是其他方式难以比拟的。     

高等学校课外体育辅导的重心及其教练工作序列的探析

从我国高校体育教育现状、育人环境、健康运动实际出发，提出课外体育的基础性、群体性以及辅导重心，教练工作序列等开发性思路，尤其是把“课外体育与娱乐健康，基层需求与下系辅导”紧密结合，在促进“课内外一体化、校系体育结构”的过程中促进学校体育面貌的根本性转变，具有很深的现实意义。     

日本体育《学习指导要领》中的放松身体运动

日本学校体育的《学习指导要领》与我国学校体育的《体育(与健康)课程标准》都原则性规定了对体育课程内容要求,但日本与我国相比其最大特点就是增加了“放松身体运动”的内容及要求。从1998年到1999年,日本文部省修订了日本中小学《学习指导要领》,并于2002年和2003年分别实施了小学初中和高中新的体育《学习指导要领》。新的体育《学习指导要领》中,强调身心一体化,密切体育与健康生活之间的关系,所以把过去《学习指导要领》中的“体操”部分改成了“增强体质运动”,并把增强体质内容分为两部分,一部分是放松身体运动,一部分是提高身体素…     

一篇为体育立业的文章──树立增强体质的业务

“健身与体育”一文明白地论述了真义体育不能无业,不能以运动娱乐竞技为业,必须以增强体质事务为业的道理,确切地指出了中国体育以运动娱乐竞技为业而抛弃增强体质业务的严重错误,如实地提出了为真义体育树立增强体质业务的历史使命,是一篇有真知灼见的文章。至今,在我国树立增强体质的业务,其难度非常大。这并非健身的业务如何难,难是难在运动娱乐竞技意识的桎梏上。在真义体育中破除“竞技——体育”旧意识,弄明白专业（增强体质的事务）和专业教育（增强体质的教育——体言）之间的木质联系,这对我国体育的科学化和现代化具有…     

阳光体育运动的开展优化大学生体育生活方式

2006年12月,＂阳光体育运动＂的正式启动,对高校体育教学、课外体育活动的指导和开展提出了更新更高的要求。近年来,人们从传统的生活方式已被现代社会生活方式所取代,我国大学生体育生活方式从单一的运动竞赛的技能型的少数人参加已经开始逐渐向休闲、娱乐及大众化发展。本文通过高校阳光体育运动的开展阐述了如何吸引大学生主动走向运动场,通过积极的参加体育锻炼,不断增强体质,树立＂健康第一＂的思想。     

新时期发挥学校体育功能作用刍议

学校体育除健身以外兼有育人功能，开发智力的作用；促进身心健康的作用、美育的作用、娱乐休闲的功能、将单一的增强体质的教学改变为多功能的教学，充分发挥体育的多功能作用，服务于素质教育。     

对《体育之研究》中体育观点的探析

本文通过对《体育之研究》中体育观点的探析,认为毛泽东体育思想的精髓是"增强体质"、"健康第一",与我国目前大力提倡的社会体育思想相一致,其次,毛泽东对体育功效、体育方法、体育价值观等的论述,也对目前我国社会体育的开展有极大的指导、借鉴作用。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.