Making desegregation work: Extracurricular activities

Southern desegregated high schools with high levels of black or white student extracurricular participation have students who report more interracial contact, higher self-esteem, more positive attitudes toward school, more parent visits to schools, and more personal contact with teachers. The results are derived from regression equations based on responses from 10,000 students in 200 schools, controlling on student and school background factors. The author recommends that secondary schools place high priority on encouraging extracurricular participation and argues that this enhances the school's ability to teach because it increases student attachment to the school, reduces student alienation, provides alternative channels for students to develop self-esteem, and increases the opportunity for positive interracial contact.     

Uncharted territory: Speculations on some positive effects of desegregation on white students

Conclusions On the basis of analysis of the desegregation of one particular school, this paper has suggested some ways in which desegregation may be beneficial to white students. This analysis suggests that under certain circumstances desegregation can lead to beneficial changes in the school programs available, as well as to an increase in the utilization of outside resources which more than offsets additional costs linked to the desegregation process. Further, experiences in desegregated classrooms may also lead to some reduction in the almost automatic unreasoning fear many white children have of blacks, was well as helping whites develop the ability to work effectively with out-group members. The purpose of this analysis is not to argue that desegregation must go forwardbecause it helps whites or even that the benefits of desegregation always outweigh the costs for individual students, black or white. Rather, my aim has been to explore some previously uncharted territory and to suggest some hypothesis that further research can explore more fully.This paper was presented at the Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, April 1980.The research on which this paper is based was funded by the National Institute of Education Contract 400-76-0011. Other expenses relating to its preparation were covered by grant 1R01 MH31 602-01 from the National Institute of Mental Health. However, all opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author and no endorsement by NIE or NIMH is implied or intended.     

Current federal policies on school desegregation: Constitutional justice or benign neglect?

Despite judicial mandates to desegregate the nation's school systems, most minority students, particularly those in urban areas, are still being educated in segregated environments. Efforts of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government to provide an equal education are at best lax and at worst, and more frequently, contradictory and ineffectual. A consistent policy is needed to correct the deficiencies in the education minorities receive. Furthermore, this policy needs to take into consideration factors which have a significant impact on minorities, such as inaccessbility to equal housing and employment opportunities.     

Metropolitan school desegregation and parent and student attitudes: A longitudinal case study

This study examines changes in the attitudes of parents and students coincident with desegregation in a new single unified school district, with reassignment of both suburban white students and inner-city minority students. Data are presented for the year immediately preceding desegregation implementation and for three years following implementation. The final sample presented includes only those parents and students for whom complete data were available for each of these four years. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine overall changes in racial and educational attitudes across time and to determine the differential impact of several intervening variables, including race, sex, child's grade level at the time of desegregation, which of five former school districts the families were in prior to desegregation, and the parents' perceived social status. Overall changes were found for several parent and student attitudes, largely during the first year of desegregation implementation. Several of the intervening variables were also significantly related to attitude changes, notably race and child's initial grade level.     

楚雄市构建滇中特色大城市的对策及措施

楚雄市建设滇中特色大城市,不仅是更好地发挥州府中心城市对州域经济发展的集聚功能和辐射功能的关键之举,更是楚雄市主动融入滇中城市群发展,扮演好滇中经济圈增长极角色,增强城市吸引力和辐射力的战略举措。特色大城市,对于楚雄过去是一个梦想,今天它成为了我们共同追求的理想,明天将会成为我们引以为自豪的家园。     

Controlled choice assignments: A new and more effective approach to school desegregation

The authors argue that conventional mandatory and voluntary school desegregation techniques have failed to provide minority students with maximum feasible relief from invidious discrimination because they do not redress the root causes of segregation. They demonstrate that residential-based student assignment plans as well as plans that give students limited access to a few educationally enriched magnet schools are not asymmetrical remedies to wrongful segregation and thus work to perpetuate the racial and social inequities that they purport to correct. The authors offer an alternative approach to school desegregation—controlled choice—that operates independently from residential housing patterns and which explicitly seeks to maximize personal choice within a racially unitary, equitable, and educationally enhanced system of public schooling. Controlled choice was originally pioneered in Cambridge, Mass. during the early 1980s and has recently been adopted in Little Rock, Ark., and Fall River, Mass. The policy is also being actively reviewed by several of the nation's largest school districts including Seattle, Memphis, and Boston.     

从社会学视角对鞍山市社区体育现状的研究

社区体育是群众体育的重要组成部分,是实现体育强国的基石．它对促进社会稳定、繁荣、发展以及国家的长治久安具有非凡的战略意义．以鞍山市社区体育为研究对象,运用实证的方法,从社会学角度分析鞍山市社区体育中人、财、物、时间以及居民的体育消费水平．认为鞍山市社区居民的体育健身意识比较强,体育消费相对较高;体育设施管理完善是现阶段鞍山社区体育蓬勃、健康发展的主要因素,但鞍山市的体育设施分布不均衡,社会体育指导员年龄偏大,城市建设与改造中的公益性体育场地设施正在减少,这些将成为鞍山市社区体育可持续发展的绊脚石．     

School desegregation and white flight: an investigation of competing models and their discrepant findings

The authors test three alternative models that have been developed to explore the relationship between the desegregation of inner city schools and white flight to the suburbs. The results of these models are discussed using recent, more extensive data. Comparisons of white student loss are made between central city districts that did and did not desegregate. The most appropriate models for analysis of white flight are identified, and their ability to forecast future trends is considered