Science and the major racket sports: a review

The major racket sports include badminton, squash, table tennis and tennis. The growth of sports science and the commercialization of racket sports in recent years have focused attention on improved performance and this has led to a more detailed study and understanding of all aspects of racket sports. The aim here, therefore, is to review recent developments of the application of science to racket sports. The scientific disciplines of sports physiology and nutrition, notational analysis, sports biomechanics, sports medicine, sports engineering, sports psychology and motor skills are briefly considered in turn. It is evident from these reviews that a great deal of scientific endeavour has been applied to racket sports, but this is variable across both the racket sports and the scientific disciplines. A scientific approach has helped to: implement training programmes to improve players' fitness; guide players in nutritional and psychological preparation for play; inform players of the strategy and tactics used by themselves and their opponents; provide insight into the technical performance of skills; understand the effect of equipment on play; and accelerate the recovery from racket-arm injuries. Racket sports have also posed a unique challenge to scientists and have provided vehicles for developing scientific methodology. Racket sports provide a good model for investigating the interplay between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and the effect of nutrition, heat and fatigue on performance. They have driven the development of mathematical solutions for multi-segment interactions within the racket arm during the performance of shots, which have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of both performance and injury. They have provided a unique challenge to sports engineers in relation to equipment performance and interaction with the player. Racket sports have encouraged developments in notational analysis both in terms of analytical procedures and the conceptualization of strategy and tactics. Racket sports have provided a vehicle for investigating fast interceptive actions, hand-eye coordination and perception-action coupling in the field of motor control. In conclusion, science has contributed considerably to our knowledge and understanding of racket sports, and racket sports have contributed to science by providing unique challenges to researchers.     

体育保健学实践教学中进行职业技能培训的探究

为进一步完善体育保健学的教学体系,通过对武汉体育学院体育保健学实践教学中进行职业技能培训的教学方法进行了教学研究探讨,认为在体育院校的体育保健学课程中进行公共营养师、保健按摩师等职业技能培训将有助于提高学生的就业竞争力和自主创业能力,并提出了进行这种教学探究的可行性和必要性.     

运动记忆策略和记忆监控训练对运动技能学习的影响

采用实验法研究了运动记忆策略和记忆监控训练对运动技能学习的影响。结果显示，在艺术体操动作技能学习初期，动作记忆策略对动作记忆成绩(表现在动作数量和动作规格上)的效果较显著；在动作学习中期，记忆监控对艺术体操动作记忆数量的提高发挥着显著的协同作用。     

技能迁移理论在游泳教学中的运用

根据技能迁移理论,采用三组对比、程控的实验方法,验证陆上技术动作模仿、水下技术游与呼吸三项游泳技能在不同模块组合下的迁移状态和相互关系.认为:在游泳教学中,各种技术、技能都存在着不同程度的相互影响,并直接关系到学生学习和掌握游泳技能和技术的效果,对加速教学进程,完成游泳的教学任务具有一定意义.     

现代运动心理技能训练研究现状及未来走向

心理技能训练是运动员科学训练不可缺少的一个重要组成部分。目前,心理技能训练研究主要集中于其有效性、训练方法上。心理技能训练存在的主要问题是缺乏明确的理论导向,训练效果评价的效度不够,未能充分重视教练和运动员的心理技能训练等。未来的研究方向是完善心理技能训练方法,突破评价心理技能训练有效性的传统方式,检验训练效果的保持和迁移,进行跨文化与本土化研究。     

Ubiquitous computing in sports: A review and analysis

Abstract

Ubiquitous (pervasive) computing is a term for a synergetic use of sensing, communication and computing. Pervasive use of computing has seen a rapid increase in the current decade. This development has propagated in applied sport science and everyday life.

The work presents a survey of recent developments in sport and leisure with emphasis on technology and computational techniques. A detailed analysis on new technological developments is performed. Sensors for position and motion detection, and such for equipment and physiological monitoring are discussed. Aspects of novel trends in communication technologies and data processing are outlined.

Computational advancements have started a new trend – development of smart and intelligent systems for a wide range of applications – from model-based posture recognition to context awareness algorithms for nutrition monitoring. Examples particular to coaching and training are discussed. Selected tools for monitoring rules' compliance and automatic decision-making are outlined. Finally, applications in leisure and entertainment are presented, from systems supporting physical activity to systems providing motivation.

It is concluded that the emphasis in future will shift from technologies to intelligent systems that allow for enhanced social interaction as efforts need to be made to improve user-friendliness and standardisation of measurement and transmission protocols.     

运动认知技能研究的现状与思考

对需要做出快速判断和决策的运动项目而言,认知技能是其专业技能组成的核心成份。对运动认知技能研究领域中的软件与硬件之争,以及软件学说面临的最大难题———迁移问题进行了综述,指出了目前在该领域研究中存在的主要问题及未来的研究方向。     

Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review

ABSTRACT

Choking under pressure describes suboptimal sport performance in stressful situations, which has led to two fundamental ‘choking’ models: distraction and self-focus. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of empirical studies that have tested interventions used to alleviate choking. The systematic review includes 47 empirical studies published up to April 2017, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and single-case studies with athletes. These studies encompassed a variety of interventions (n?=?13) that were either distraction based or self-focus based. In addition, a third group – acclimatisation interventions – was identified. The results indicate that, in general, choking interventions based on both choking models and on acclimatisation provide a benefit to performance under pressure. The most reported effective interventions were pre-performance routines, quiet eye training, left-hand contractions, and acclimatisation training. The use of dual task was beneficial for performance under pressure but harmful when used in training. Mixed evidence was found for analogy learning, and null effects were reported for goal setting, neurofeedback training, and reappraisal cues. These results may help athletes and coaches select and implement effective strategies and methods to improve performance under pressure.     

体育新课程中的运动技能教学

针对体育新课程实施中淡化运动技能教学的误区，分析体育新课程中运动技能内容的多样性、健康性、差异性，以及运动技能学习的整体价值，提出了新课程运动技能教学策略是：重新认识运动技能包含的内容，开发与利用好运动技能课程资源，结合学生生活实际和经验、学生差异进行运动技能民主化教学，做好运动技能学习的评价。     

开放式运动技能学习原理及其在篮球教学中的应用

运动技能分为开放式与闭锁式两类.传统运动技能学习忽视了开放式与闭锁式运动技能学习的区别,其"去情境"特征不利于开放式运动技能的学习效果.开放式运动技能学习重视环境与本体的交互作用.开放式运动技能学习,应该充分体现技能学习与情境之间的密切关系.以篮球技能学习为例,在教学设计中充分体现本体感知、环境外显特征、本体决策、本体应答行为等4个阶段表现形式,以培养学生在特定情境中运动技能的决断能力与运用能力.     

Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: a systematic review

The prevalence of inter-limb asymmetries has been reported in numerous studies across a wide range of sports and physical qualities; however, few have analysed their effects on physical and sports performance. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the Medline and SPORT Discus databases, with all articles required to meet a specified criteria based on a quality review. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria, relating participant asymmetry scores to physical and sports performance measures. The findings of this systematic review indicate that inter-limb differences in strength may be detrimental to jumping, kicking and cycling performance. When inter-limb asymmetries are quantified during jumping based exercises, they have been primarily used to examine their association with change of direction speed with mixed findings. Inter-limb asymmetries have also been quantified in anthropometry, sprinting, dynamic balance and sport-specific actions, again with inconsistent findings. However, all results have been reported using associative analysis with physical or sport performance metrics with no randomised controlled trials included. Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms that underpin inter-limb differences and the magnitude of performance changes that can be accounted for by these asymmetries.     

Youth helmet design in sports with repetitive low- and medium-energy impacts: a systematic review

Concussion awareness in youth sports has increased secondary to recent legislation, public health campaigns, and media coverage. The potential for long-term negative sequelae is now widely recognized and there have been a number of initiatives nationwide to prevent pediatric head injuries, including efforts to design more effective helmets for repetitive impact sports. The primary aim of this review is to systematically assess the literature regarding helmet design in youth sports specifically designed to mitigate repetitive low- and medium-energy impacts. Secondary aims include identifying areas for future research and opportunities for helmet design improvement. A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify articles relating to youth helmet design and biomechanical studies of concussion in youth sports. Pubmed, Google scholar, Cochrane Review and article citations were used to identify all pertinent English articles between 1971 and January 2016. A total of 14 studies met criteria for inclusion in this review, three of which included clinical outcomes (all Level of Evidence II) and eleven of which included biomechanical outcomes. The vast majority focused on adolescents playing football. Six of the biomechanical studies demonstrated improved biomechanical metrics in helmets with increasing foam thickness and number of foam layers. Two clinical studies also seem to support this concept, with significant caveats. To date, there are limited clinical and biomechanical data on youth helmet design. There is a need for further research in order to optimize helmet design and reduce the number and severity of pediatric sports-related head injuries.     

磷脂与运动研究进展

对磷脂的生物学特性、生理作用及其与运动的关系的研究进行了综合评述，为磷脂的进一步研究和作为运动保健食品的开发利用提供参考。     

Multivariate analyses of individual variation in soccer skill as a tool for talent identification and development: utilising evolutionary theory in sports science

The development of a comprehensive protocol for quantifying soccer-specific skill could markedly improve both talent identification and development. Surprisingly, most protocols for talent identification in soccer still focus on the more generic athletic attributes of team sports, such as speed, strength, agility and endurance, rather than on a player’s technical skills. We used a multivariate methodology borrowed from evolutionary analyses of adaptation to develop our quantitative assessment of individual soccer-specific skill. We tested the performance of 40 individual academy-level players in eight different soccer-specific tasks across an age range of 13–18 years old. We first quantified the repeatability of each skill performance then explored the effects of age on soccer-specific skill, correlations between each of the pairs of skill tasks independent of age, and finally developed an individual metric of overall skill performance that could be easily used by coaches. All of our measured traits were highly repeatable when assessed over a short period and we found that an individual’s overall skill – as well as their performance in their best task – was strongly positively correlated with age. Most importantly, our study established a simple but comprehensive methodology for assessing skill performance in soccer players, thus allowing coaches to rapidly assess the relative abilities of their players, identify promising youths and work on eliminating skill deficits in players.     

Electromyography and the study of sports movements: A review

Within electromyography (EMG), a particular speciality has been developed wherein the aim is to use EMG for the study of muscular function and co‐ordination. This area of research is usually called kinesiological EMG. The general aims of kinesiological EMG are to analyse the function and co‐ordination of muscles in different movements and postures, in healthy subjects as well as in the disabled, in skilled actions as well as during training, in humans as well as in animals, under laboratory conditions as well as during daily or vocational activities. This is often done by a combination of electromyographical and kinesiological or biomechanical measurement techniques.

Because there are over 400 skeletal muscles in the human body and both irregular and complex involvement of the muscles may occur in neuromuscular diseases and in voluntary occupational or sports movements, it is impossible to sample all of the muscles of the entire body during the performance of complex motor skills. In addition, the measurement of kinesiological EMG in sport and specific field circumstances, such as the track and/or soccer field, the alpine ski slope, the swimming pool and the ice rink, demands a specific technological and methodological approach, adaptable to both the field and the sport circumstances.

Sport movement techniques and skills, training approaches and methods, ergonomic verification of the human‐machine interaction have, amongst others, a highly specialized muscular activity in common. The knowledge of such muscular action in all its aspects, its evaluation and its feedback should allow for the optimization of movement, of sports materials, of training possibilities and, in the end, of sports performance.

Drawing conclusions from a review of the EMG research of 32 sports, covering over 100 different complex skills, including methodological approaches, is an impossible task. We have attempted to set standards concerning the EMG methodology at the beginning of this review. Electromyography and sports is a vast area and a complete review is impossible, as information will be found scattered in many different journals, including those on the sports sciences, ergonomics, biomechanics, applied physiology, in different congress proceedings, and so on. Consequently, many important aspects and possibly important publications may have been omitted from this review.     

高校体育人文精神构建的教育模式研究

根据社会发展的需要,结合当代大学生自身的特点和体育环境的效能,提出将人文精神贯彻到高校体育教育过程、体育社会实践及人生实践活动的各个领域,构建既具有引导作用、又切合大学生特点的教育模式。     

预防自由式滑雪空中技巧运动损伤的专门性练习

自由式滑雪空中技巧是融滑雪与技巧为一体的雪上项目之一.要求运动员在低温环境中背负雪服、雪靴、雪板完成空中翻腾并平稳着陆.由于运动具有高难度和高风险性,运动员在训练比赛中极易发生运动损伤.对在空中技巧运动中,可采用的一些专门用于预防运动损伤的练习方法进行介绍,旨在减少损伤的发生.     

纯化体育——-对我国体育运动项目管理的批判与梳理

通过对体育哲学意义的探讨并与某些令体育工作者产生疑惑的"体育项目"的哲学意义相比较,得出:诸如围棋、电子竞技运动、赛车等项目并不属于体育。这些"体育项目"符合我国体育运动项目立项原则、条件的原因主要是由于我国体育事业发展过程中存在着文化断层现象,导致我国体育管理与学理之间相脱节,这种状况有利于各种运动项目的行政管理,便于组织、参加国内或国际大赛体现综合实力,发挥"举国体制"优势,同时也会制约体育理论的发展与加大体育实践的操作难度。我们应该努力克服文化断层带来的不良影响,注意体育文化与体育文明携手并进。纯化体育,将不符合体育本质属性的"体育项目"舍弃,既有利于体育自身的发展,更好地服务于人类,又可以不限制其他非体育项目的自身发展。