论软件测试的系统构成

现代软件测试理论和实践证明,软件测试不再只是软件开发中的一个阶段,而是自成为一个系统,与软件开发同步进行。软件测试由制订测试计划、测试设计、实施测试、执行测试和评估测试这五个部分构成,每个部分都有其目的和任务,它们依次进行,协同作用,确保了整个软件测试的有序进行。     

冻结粉土的动蠕变强度

根据不同振幅动荷载的三组蠕变试验结果,比较了冻结粉土在不同动荷载作用下的蠕变变形和动蠕变强度特征,发现,当动荷载振动幅值不同时,动蠕变曲线变化规律以及动蠕变强度特征变化规律都相似,但数值上有较大差别;在相同静荷载基础上叠加不同振幅动荷载时,在整个蠕变过程中,振幅越大,变形越大。而对于卸载到零的动荷载试验来说,初始蠕变阶段和稳定蠕变阶段的变形较小,但由于蠕变速率很大,变形迅速增加,很快进入渐进流阶段,随后变形变得很大;冻土的动蠕变强度随时间有规律地衰减;动荷载的振幅越大,破坏时间越短,土体越容易发生破坏。     

Influence of reaction piles on test pile response in a static load test

This work presents a new analytical method to analyze the influence of reaction piles on the test pile response in a static load test.In our method,the interactive effect between soil and pile is simulated using independent springs and the shear displacement method is adopted to analyze the influence of reaction piles on test pile response.Moreover,the influence of the sheltering effect between reaction piles and test pile on the test pile response is taken into account.Two cases are analyzed to verify the rationality and efficiency of the present method.This method can be easily extended to a nonlinear response of an influenced test pile embedded in a multilayered soil,and the validity is also demonstrated using centrifuge model tests and a computer program presented in the literature.The present analyses indicate that the proposed method will lead to an underestimation of the test pile settlement in a static load test if the influence of the presence of reaction piles on the test pile response is neglected.     

When Does Scale Anchoring Work? A Case Study

Providing information to test takers and test score users about the abilities of test takers at different score levels has been a persistent problem in educational and psychological measurement. Scale anchoring, a technique which describes what students at different points on a score scale know and can do, is a tool to provide such information. Scale anchoring for a test involves a substantial amount of work, both by the statistical analysts and test developers involved with the test. In addition, scale anchoring involves considerable use of subjective judgment, so its conclusions may be questionable. We describe statistical procedures that can be used to determine if scale anchoring is likely to be successful for a test. If these procedures indicate that scale anchoring is unlikely to be successful, then there is little reason to perform a detailed scale anchoring study. The procedures are applied to several data sets from a teachers’ licensing test.     

中央民族大学预科部考核方式解决方案

考试是检验教与学效果的重要手段,试题库是试卷的基础,试卷分析法是检验试卷合理性与详细分析考试结果的方法。建立试题库及从中抽取试题时应遵循不重复、不遗漏、均衡分配得分、题型多样等原则;抽取试题方式要注意题型控制、章节控制;试卷分析法的三种图表对了解学生和改进教学有很大的帮助。     

Test Design and Speededness

A critical component of test speededness is the distribution of the test taker’s total time on the test. A simple set of constraints on the item parameters in the lognormal model for response times is derived that can be used to control the distribution when assembling a new test form. As the constraints are linear in the item parameters, they can easily be included in a mixed integer programming model for test assembly. The use of the constraints is demonstrated for the problems of assembling a new test form to be equally speeded as a reference form, test assembly in which the impact of a change in the content specifications on speededness is to be neutralized, and the assembly of test forms with a revised level of speededness.     

基于FPGA的光通信误码率测试系统设计

误码率是数据传输设备的衡量指标之一,误码率测试是SFP光通信模块生产与设计中重要的环节。针对SFP光通信模块设计了一种基于FPGA的误码率测试系统,系统采用并行m型伪随机序列编码,可实现PRBS-7至PRBS-31标准的m序列码流生成,与SFP光通信模块的通信速率为1.25Gbps。系统打破常规测试的局限性,模块连接简便,可以在短时间内对SFP光通信模块进行准确测试,提高了SFP光通信模块误码率测试的效率。     

基于UML的移动终端软件自动化测试用例建模

以移动终端软件测试为例,依据统一建模语言（Unified Modeling Language,UML）,利用建模工具和UML模型图,给出了一种生成测试用例的方法。该方法能直观地创建自动化测试用例方案模型．尽可能多地生成测试用例场景,从而加大了测试用例的隐含故障覆盖率,并能为移动终端的自动化测试工具提供有效的配置参数。     

Validity: Whose Construction Is it in the Teaching and Learning Context?

If a test is intended to impact teaching and leaning, how can we make a case for its validity? Currently, it is argued, the case for the validity of a test considers only the test maker's view of what the scores mean and whether they are useful for teachers and learners. Although the test maker's perspective is a necessary one, it is insufficient to validate a test, so an expanded framework for validating tests is needed. The expansion proposes using teachers'/professionals' and students' perspectives as necessary information in the validation of what test scores mean and whether they are useful to teachers and learners.     

Reducing the need for guesswork in multiple-choice tests

The humble multiple-choice test is very widely used within education at all levels, but its susceptibility to guesswork makes it a suboptimal assessment tool. The reliability of a multiple-choice test is partly governed by the number of items it contains; however, longer tests are more time consuming to take, and for some subject areas, it can be very hard to create new test items that are sufficiently distinct from previously used items. A number of more sophisticated multiple-choice test formats have been proposed dating back at least 60?years, many of which offer significantly improved test reliability. This paper offers a new way of comparing these alternative test formats, by modelling each one in terms of the range of possible test taker responses it enables. Looking at the test formats in this way leads to the realisation that the need for guesswork is reduced when test takers are given more freedom to express their beliefs. Indeed, guesswork is eliminated entirely when test takers are able to partially order the answer options within each test item. The paper aims to strengthen the argument for using more sophisticated multiple-choice test formats, especially for high-stakes summative assessment.     

试题库计算机管理过程中的试卷难度控制

试卷的难度控制是试题库计算机管理过程中的重要环节，在随机抽题的过程中同时进行难度控制是不可取的，本文介绍了用ＦｏｘＰｒｏ２．５编写的试题库管理程序采用人机对话的方式逐步进行难度调整的方法，实现了对试题库试卷难度的有效控制。     

Steps for the Application of the Johnson-Neyman Technique-A Sample Analysis

A number of mental-test theorists have called attention to the fact that increasing test reliability beyond an optimal point can actually lead to a decrement in the validity of that test with respect to a criterion. This non-monotonic relation between reliability and validity has been referred to by Loevinger as the “attentuation paradox,” because Spearman’s correction for attenuation leads one to expect that increasing reliability will always increase validity. In this paper a mathematical link between test reliability and test validity is derived which takes into account the correlation between error scores on a test and error scores on a criterion measure the test is designed to predict. It is proved that when the correlation between these two sets of error scores is positive, the non-monotonic relation between test reliability and test validity which has been viewed as a paradox occurs universally.     

测前培训是提高普通话水平测试成绩的重要环节

测前培训可以使应试人熟悉测试内容、测试要求、测试程序和测试纪律 ,有助于提高应试人普通话水平 ,是提高普通话水平测试成绩的重要环节     

Chapter 3 General Achievement

The absolute normal scores test (K) is described as a test for the symmetry of a distribution of scores about a location parameter designated as 0. The test is compared to the sign test (S) and the Wilcoxon test (W) as an alternative to the t-test. Power comparisons are made among the K, S, W, and t tests. An example is presented where the sample size is less than 20. The large sample approximation to the normal distribution is also illustrated.     

NCME 2007 Presidential Address: The Concordance Table: An Invitation to Misuse Test Scores

This article discusses a particular type of concordance table and the potential for test score misuse that may result from employing such a table. The concordance that is discussed is typically created between scores on different, nonequatable versions of a test that share the same or close to the same test title. These concordance tables often appear in the context of relating scores on computerized adaptive and paper‐and‐pencil versions of the same test. When such a table is presented in a complete point‐by‐point fashion, relating each reported score on the scale of the new version of the test to a reported score on the scale of the old version of the test, test score users will typically treat the table as if it represented an equating of scores between the two versions, and directly replace scores on the new version of the test by scores on the old version. This clearly represents a misuse of the test scores. Suggestions for avoiding this misuse of test scores from concordance tables are provided.     

Web项目性能测试实例设计与分析

性能测试是一种性能评测,它对响应时间、事务处理速率和其他与时间相关的需求进行评测和评估,是验证软件系统是否能够达到用户提出的性能指标的一种手段。以“项目月报管理系统”为例,使用Loadrunner负载测试工具对测试过程进行了设计与分析。从测试结果数据看,系统性能表现较好,从而得出：Web项目性能测试成功的关键在于有效的性能测试分析方法和实践。     

浅析上海市高中英语测试方式的改进——以新托福考试为视角

测试是英语教学的一个重要组成部分,上海市高中英语测试代表着我国英语科目考试测试的发展方向。托福考试（TOFEL）则一直是作为社会上主流的出国留学英语考试之一,受到全球大多数英语系国家的承认。虽然这是两种不同性质的考试,但其最终目的仍然是检测应试者的英语学习水平,通过全方位地比较两种考试所选用的教材、测试的目的、试题的类型、命题要求以及来自教师和学生的反馈意见来分析两种考试各自的利弊。以及各自的侧重点,来探求两种考试如何互相取长补短,如何通过不断改革进一步达到测试的目的。     

大规模教育考试控制社会冲突功能的政治学分析

本文从政治学角度,应用实证研究方法,以中国古代和当代各种代表国家意志的国家级大规模教育考试控制社会冲突的功能为分析对象,从多学科角度重点探讨了国家级大规模教育考试在解决中国社会各种利益冲突中发挥的社会控制功能。研究结论是:国家级大规模教育考试从古至今一直都在扮演着缓解社会冲突的重要角色,它们是中国控制社会稳定的独特的、重要的政治手段,也是中国社会缓解各种社会阶层利益冲突的较好选择之一,这是我们认识国家级大规模教育考试与社会和政治关系的一把“钥匙”,也是我们从国家发展战略高度进一步改革中国国家级大规模教育考试的重要依据。     

Timing issues in distributed testing

The objective of conformance testing is to determine whether an implementation under test (IUT) conforms to its specification. In distributed test architecture where there are multiple remote testers, the objective can be complicated by the fact that testers may encounter controllability and observability problems during the application of a test sequence. A certain amount of work has been done in the area of generating test sequence that is free from these problems. However, few researchers investigate them from the aspect of test execution. This work studies the test execution phase when test sequences are applied to the imple- mentation and it is pointed out that controllability and observability problems can be resolved if and only if the test system im- plements some timing constraints. When determining these constraints, the dynamic time information during test is taken into account, which reduces the test execution time and improves test efficiency further.