Enrollment demand with constrained supply in a higher education institution

Studies of enrollment demand typically assume that public institutions accept all eligible applicants. In that case the coefficients of a regression equation that explains enrollment as a function of variables that affect student demand are properly interpreted as unknown demand function parameters. However, if enrollments are limited by institutional constraints on the supply of places, another approach to estimating student demand behavior is needed. In this paper we develop a model that explains the determination of enrollments in these cases and a way to estimate the coefficients of a student demand equation that is part of the model. The results are much better than those obtained from a conventional model of enrollment demand estimated using ordinary least squares.     

The demand for higher education in Cyprus: an educational policy perspective

The article examines the reasons for the high demand for higher education in Cyprus. At present, economic, societal, and cultural forces are widely accepted as responsible for the phenomenal increase in demand. A survey of secondary school final form students conducted in Cyprus by the author reconfirms the importance of these forces but also points to another demand influencing factor, namely, the students' psychological motivation in the pursuit of higher studies. The article discusses the policy implications of the findings and suggests the following as measures to help promote a better match between higher education choices and labour market conditions: the provision of greater and more accurate information to secondary school students on the employment opportunities available with a higher education diploma; the promotion of vocational nonuniversity fields of study among secondary school students; and the frequent and closer interaction between higher education institutions and the labour market.     

The demand for higher education: A static structural approach accounting for individual heterogeneity and nesting patterns

In this paper we estimate a structural model of higher education participation and labour choices in a static setting that accounts for individual heterogeneity and possible nesting structures in the decision process. We assume that young people that complete upper secondary education are faced with three choices, go to higher education, not go to higher education or go to higher education and work part time. We model this choice using Irish data incorporating variation in costs (direct and indirect), the estimated lifecycle returns and household credit constraints. Using a mixed nested logit choice model we find that simulated lifecycle earnings and a choice-specific household income variable impact the educational/labour choices of young people. We also find evidence that preference for choices with higher simulated lifecycle earnings and household income vary significantly across individuals. Policy simulations undertaken find that varying student financial aid can lead to increases in higher education participation.     

International demand for American higher education

This study examines the issue as to whether U.S. educational institutions need a significant change in their policy to deal with the increasing number of foreign students on U.S. campuses. Projections for the 1980s are made using Box-Jenkins and other forecasting techniques. Factors that led to the rapid growth of foreign students in the past are reviewed. The likelihood of their continuation is examined. In the light of these factors, policy implications of the projections are discussed.     

公立高校与政府、个人委托代理关系及其问题分析

随着高教体制改革的深入,厘清公立高校所涉及的委托代理关系,分析和解决其存在的委托代理问题迫在眉睫。公有产权下解决委托代理问题的关键,是设计激励、约束和竞争制度来排斥信息效率低下和激励不相容问题。     

风险偏好对个人高等教育需求影响的实证研究--以高中生对农业、林业和师范院校需求为例

本文以高中生对农业、林业和师范院校的需求为切入点,探讨了风险因素对个人高等教育需求的影响。实证分析表明,在控制性别、学术能力和高等教育预期收益率等变量情况下,高中生的风险偏好对学生选择农业、林业和师范院校有显著影响。从教育政策制定角度看,如何提高社会弱势群体承受教育投资风险能力的问题值得人们关注。     

高等教育与古今社会中个体流动关系的历史考察

在社会历史发展进程中,高等教育个体社会流动功能的发挥须依托一定的社会背景,其中最重要的就是当时社会的分层状态与流动状态.在我国不同历史时期,即中国古代社会、近代社会、当代社会,高等教育与个体流动关系也表现出不同的特征,其总体趋势是随着历史发展,高等教育个体流动功能逐步放大,其中也有短暂反复,呈螺旋式上升态势.     

The impact of financial aid on women's demand for higher education

The Educational Amendments of 1972 marked a new direction in public policy regarding the scope and purpose of financial aid to higher education. Aid became more student-oriented, and equality of opportunity for higher education became a goal. This empirical study with national longitudinal data has made a start in policy evaluation of the effect of the 1972 Educational Amendments on the higher education acquired by young women. The most important result of financial aid receipt for young women is that those who received aid averaged 0.64 more years completed of higher education and averaged .145 greater graduation probability than similar women who did not receive aid. These results were obtained in multiple regression models in which the effects of marital status, parental background, geographic locations and economic characteristics, and tuition level were controlled for. These results suggest that policy attempts to stimulate the higher education acquired by enrolled young women by increasing the availability of financial aid are well founded.     

A quantitative analysis of the demand for higher education

This article analyses the plans of a sample of 7425 secondary school children in Greece regarding their demand for further education. A set of family, personal, geographical and school characteristics are related by means of multivariate analysis to the pupil's decision to continue or not his/her studies and to the particular institution of higher education he/she aspired entry. The maximum likelihood estimates of the yes-no pupil decision indicate the dominance of school grade as a key variable affecting plans for further study. An educational production function revealed in turn that it is mainly parents' education that relates to scholastic achievement. The article also contains empirical estimates of the relative strength of several family and school factors affecting self-selection which may make the results useful to policy makers who attempt to influence the social demand for post-secondary education.     

关于和谐高校建设的思考

和谐高等学校建设,不仅具有重要的理论与现实意义,而且具有紧迫性。这是因为目前高等学校内外部矛盾具有鲜明性、复杂性和一定程度的尖锐性。本文通过对高等学校组织结构、社会功能、学校管理与运行机制等多角度分析,提出了和谐高校建设的途径和要点是①坚持政治民主化,确立教职工主人翁地位,办事公开、公正和透明;②创建优质教育氛围,一切服务于人才培养,充分发挥专业技术人员的作用;③实现先进文化共享,提倡文明、道德、合作与互助;④正确协调各种利益关系。和谐高校建设需要解决的问题主要是①努力克服官本位倾向;②坚决清除教育腐败行为;③积极创建求真务实环境;④加强监督控制机制的建设。     

International demand for American higher education: An extension

This article reports the estimated effects of a country's population and income on its citizens' demand for American higher education. Data are from 1978, 1982, and 1987. With the behavioral variables, the model includes binary variables for Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Asian countries. Population significantly affects demand, but the effect is not proportional: A 10% increase in population causes demand for American higher education to rise by about 2%. The impact of income is similar; for this variable, the estimated elasticity is about 0.1. Together, these findings suggest that countries meet the majority of any change in their citizens' demand with domestic supply. For 1978 and 1982, OPEC provided considerably more students than other countries, other things being equal. By 1987. This difference had vanished. At the same time, Asian countries were providing more students than other countries, other things being equal, and the difference increased monotonically through time.     

Factors influencing the demand for higher education: The case of Cyprus

The proportion of young people opting for third level education in Cyprus is exceptionally high, currently about 60% of the relevant age group. This has caused concern among the country's policy makers who are aware of the limited capacity of the Cyprus economy to accommodate the increasing supply of higher education graduates. In the present study, an attempt is made to identify and examine the factors influencing young Cypriots to select higher education over direct employment at the end of their secondary education. A survey was conducted among 811 final form secondary school students in Cyprus in the academic year 1993/1994. Through factor analysis, seven factors with a potential effect on the students' educational and occupational intentions were identified. They were the following: Psychological/Individual, Occupational I, Occupational II, Economic, Consumption, Secondary School Subjects, and Significant Others. These factors, along with a number of student background characteristics (gender, socioeconomic status, ability, and secondary school specialisation) were used as explanatory variables in a logistic regression model with the student's educational intentions serving as the dependent variable. The psychological/individual factor, the second occupational factor, and secondary school specialisation were shown to have a significant effect on the intention to pursue third level education. The paper points to the importance of analysing and examining student characteristics and motivational patterns in the effort to understand, and, if possible, influence trends in the demand for higher education.     

建立我国高等教育评估中介机构的探讨

建立高等教育评估中介机构 ,对于确保高等学校办学自主权的实现 ,形成自我约束的高等教育质量保障体系具有重要作用。我国可借鉴美、英、法等国高等教育评估体制的长处 ,建立由政府代表和高校人员共同组成的高等教育评估理事会 ,把专业评审和院校评估、高校自我质量控制与校外评估结合起来。     

The demand for higher education in The Netherlands, 1950–1999

This paper investigates the role of economic factors in the university enrollment decision for the post-war period in The Netherlands. We include those factors standing at the heart of the idea that education is an investment. The econometric results suggest that students are not responsive to tuition fees, but financial support (the sum of loans and grants), the college premium on future labor market earnings, and the alternative wage are important in the enrollment decision.     

社会资本因素对个体高等教育需求的影响

对中国大陆三省一市10909名高中生和香港3157名高中生的调查研究发现,学生参与社团活动、家庭教育期望,无论是对中国大陆学生还是香港学生的高等教育需求都具有显著影响。家庭中兄弟姐妹的数量、家庭成员辅导学生功课、父母与子女沟通频率等因素,对中国大陆学生的高等教育需求具有显著影响;家庭社会网络广泛度、师生沟通频率,则对香港学生的高等教育需求具有显著影响。研究还发现,一些常被认为影响个体高等教育需求的因素,如家庭社会网络资源、父母与学校的联系等,对学生的高等教育需求并无显著影响。     

论我国高等院校的行政主体地位

随着我国高等教育事业的飞速发展和法治进程的推进,我国高等院校在法律上的性质与定位已不能涵盖其在当前的独特作用和行为性质。逐渐上升的高校教育管理法律纠纷得不到及时、有效的解决,根本问题在于高校的法律性质与地位模糊不清。明晰高校的行政主体地位,明确界定高校的职能划分,促使其职能行使程序化,是适应我国教育体制改革,实现教育管理法治化,促进高等教育事业健康发展的根本途径。     

Replicating Freeman's recursive adjustment model of demand for higher education

During the 1950s and 1960s, most colleges and universities enjoyed rapid student enrollment increases and liberally expanded their programs and physical facilities accordingly. But the economic, fiscal, and social developments of the 1970s have reduced income sources, increased costs, and diminished traditional student populations. Richard Freeman's work on the demand for higher education and the future worth of a college degree has become a major source of controversy among academicians. To establish a relationship between college attendance and the college job market, Freeman employed a three-equation model to analyze the causative supply and demand determinants. In this paper, we examine the viability of Freeman's Recursive Adjustment Model as a management tool for explaining and predicting enrollments and the job market using macro and micro cases.Presented at the Nineteenth Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, San Diego, California, May 1979.     

International student demand for higher education in the United States

Foreign students have been attending colleges and universities in the United States at rapidly increasing rates since the late 1960s. Due particularly to demographic changes and cost considerations, U.S. universities have accepted and grown somewhat dependent on these foreign students. This raises the questions of what caused the increased international demand for U.S. education and will that demand continue to grow? We attempt here to provide a theoretical model of educational demand and to test the model employing both time series and cross-sectional data. First, we give background information and a brief literature survey; then we develop the model. Next, we test the model by examining the time series evidence. We then present cross-sectional findings employing the Zellner SUR technique. The paper concludes with policy implications.     

Predicting higher education outcomes and implications for a postsecondary institution ratings system

The accountability of colleges and universities is a high priority for those making policy decisions. The purpose of this study was to determine institutional characteristics predicting retention rates, graduation rates and transfer-out rates using publicly available data from the US Department of Education. Using regression analysis, it was determined there are 14 predictors of the full-time retention rate, 7 predictors of the part-time retention rate, 15 predictors of the graduation rate and 12 predictors of transfer-out rates. Institutions and policymakers could use the results of this analysis to determine the policies that would be beneficial to improving the analysed outcomes. All four analyses indicate good fit with R² ranging from .273 to .828. Some possible policy implications include addressing selectivity if institutions want to improve retention rates and addressing affordability to improve retention and graduation rates.     

学费与高等教育需求和供给

随着世界高等教育大众化的兴起，许多国家出现了高校学生规模激增与政府财政支持能力减退的矛盾，加上计划控制模式的局限性和世界经济一体化的影响，使得世界高等教育朝着市场化的趋势发展。在这种背景下，学费作为一种价格因素，对高等教育需求和供给的作用日益突显出来。在建立高等教育需求与供给模型的基础上，从国内外高等教育的理论与实践及需求的学费弹性方面分析了学费对高等教育需求和供给的影响。