同步辐射的现状和发展

同步辐射是一种先进光源，其应用具有很高的现代科技融合性和集成性，因此同步辐射装置的建立为几乎所有的前沿科技研究提供了一个先进的、不可替代的实验平台。本文简要介绍了同步辐射装置发展的历史、现状、应用和当前的主要发展趋势，以及在纳米科技研究中的一些重要应用。     

建造世界一流的大科学装置

现年42岁的赵振堂,拥有四个重量级的头衔:中国科学院上海原子核研究所副所长、上海同步辐射装置工程副总经理、上海低温超导高频腔技术重点实验室主任、国家重点基础研究规划“973”自由电子激光项目的副首席科学家。他目前从事的工作是设计和建造用于基础和应用研究的大科学装置——同步辐射光源。 大科学装置是面向科学技术前沿     

科技名刊精选

Nature基于激光尾波场加速器的27nm自由电子激光《自然》(Nature)封面:基于激光尾波场加速器的27nm自由电子激光。《自然》杂志第7868期封面文章报道了X射线自由电子激光(free-electron laser,FEL)研究进展。FEL对于结构生物学和化学等领域必不可少,它能以标准台式激光器无法达到的频率产生高强度的相干辐射束。研究团队利用一个激光尾波场加速器(通过等离子体波加速电子)的电子束成功产生了相干辐射,将辐射功率提高了约100倍,这意味着在气体喷流末端仅6毫米处就能实现电子产生激光的正确条件,这比之前的数据缩短了数个量级。     

Nature

基于激光尾波场加速器的27nm自由电子激光《自然》（Nature）封面：基于激光尾波场加速器的27n m自由电子激光。《自然》杂志第7868期封面文章报道了X射线自由电子激光（free-electronlaser,FEL）研究进展。FEL对于结构生物学和化学等领域必不可少,它能以标准台式激光器无法达到的频率产生高强度的相干辐射束。研究团队利用一个激光尾波场加速器（通过等离子体波加速电子）的电子束成功产生了相干辐射,将辐射功率提高了约100倍,这意味着在气体喷流末端仅6毫米处就能实现电子产生激光的正确条件,这比之前的数据缩短了数个量级。     

上海同步辐射光源

上海同步辐射光源（简称“上海光源”;英文全名为Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility,缩写为SSRF）是一台高性能的中能第三代同步辐射光源,它是我国迄今为止最大的大科学装置．在科学界和工业界有着广泛的应用价值。它具有建设60余条光束线的能力．可以同时向上百个实验站提供从红外光到硬X射线的各种同步辐射光,具有波长范围宽、高强度、高亮度、高准直性、高偏振与准相干性、可准确计算、高稳定性等一系列优异的特性,可用以从事生命科学、材料科学、环境科学、信息科学、凝聚态物理、原子分子物理、团簇物理、化学、医学、药学、地质学等多学科的前沿基础研究,以及微电子、医药、石油、化工、生物32程、医疗诊断和微加工等高技术开发应用的实验研究．将成为我国多学科前沿研究和高新技术开发应用的重要科技平台。     

同步辐射—世纪新光源

同步辐射是继电光源、×光源、激光光源之后第四种对人类文明有革命性推动的新光源。高能电子束团在环形加速的环形轨道上,以接近于光速作回旋运动,电子束团通过弯转磁铁拐弯时,沿轨道切线方向会辐射出电磁波,这一现象最早于1947年美国通用电气公司的一台能量为70 MeV的同步电子加速器上发现的,所以称为“同步辐射”。同步辐射光源以其特有的高亮度,高强度,高准直性、良好地偏振特性、以及从远红外到硬×射线范围的连续光谱等性质,被广泛用于材料科学,生命科学,     

对我国同步辐射发展的思考

同步辐射在物理、化学、生物、医学、生命、微加工技术及相关学科的研究与应用方面都是一个强有力的工具.本文就同步辐射应用研究的历史发展、该领域的现状及新一代光源的发展方向、国内研究的发展现状等问题进行了论述,并对发展我国第三代专用同步辐射光源提出了具体建议.     

从小小凸透镜到煌煌国之重器——记深圳综合粒子设施研究院研究员徐中民

“上小学期间,一个偶然的机会,有人送了我一块凸透镜。它既能放大物体,也能在太阳底下聚焦引燃火柴头,对那时的我来说,非常有意思。后来,我就开始收集各种透镜,还想着要自制一个单筒望远镜观察月球。”对凸透镜的兴趣,激发了少年徐中民对光学的热爱。这份热爱也犹如一束明亮的光,指引着他在成年后不懈深耕,成为参与设计我国第三代同步辐射光源和第四代光源——自由电子激光等国际级重大科学装置的科技工作者。     

同步辐射光源在医学中的应用

同步辐射光源是一种具有优良特征的新型光源,在各个领域都得到了人们的广泛关注。特别是在医学中,其成像技术彰显出其顽强的生命力。因此,本文通过对辐射光源在医学中的应用,进行简单的阐述,旨在促进医疗事业的全面发展。     

纳米材料的同步辐射研究

近年来,科学家们在纳米材料的生长及应用研究等诸多方面取得了巨大的进展。然而,由于受到表征手段的限制,纳米科技领域的许多关键科学问题至今仍未得到清楚的解答。同步辐射具有多种独特优点,随着国内第三代同步辐射光源的逐步发展,基于同步辐射的各种实验技术将为实时、原位、动态地表征纳米结构提供功能强大的研究平台。文章简单介绍了基于同步辐射的一些新型纳米结构表征技术,并根据作者的研究举例说明了同步辐射在纳米材料研究方面的一些优势。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.