Exploring the relationship between early childhood and elementary grade-level overlap and early childhood teacher output

This study explores the relationship between grade-level overlap between elementary education (ELED) and early childhood education (ECED) licenses and ECED teacher output. Analysis of Title 2 data indicates that ECED/ELED overlap is extensive, as evidenced by the number of states with grade-level overlaps of 5 (n = 2), 4 (n = 24), 3 (n = 10), and 2 years (n = 7). In the 47 states with both types of credentials, ELED licensees may teach preschool in two states, kindergarten in 30, first grade in 41, second grade in 42, and third grade in 43. The percentage of ECED (relative to ELED) teacher licensure program completers is low in states where elementary licenses begin in preschool (5%), kindergarten (14%), and Grade 1 (23%), but higher in states where elementary licenses begin in Grades 2 (45%), 3 (44%), and 4 (70%).     

Relationship between alanine aminotransferase levels and metabolic syndrome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective:To investigate the relationship between alanine aminotransferase (ALT)levels and metabolic syndrome (MS)in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods:A total of 26527 subjects who received medical health checkup in our hospital from January 2005 to July 2007 were enrolled in the study.The diagnosis of fatty liver was based on ultrasound imaging.MS Was defined according to the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ.ALT,triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c),fasting plasma glucose(FPG),height,weight,waist circumference(WC),systolic blood pressure (SBP)and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)were measured in each subject to analyze the relationship between MS and ALT activity.Results:(1)The prevalence of NAFLD in men(30.94%)was significantly higher than that in women(15.65%);(2)The incidence of MS in NAFLD(33.83%)was significantly greater than that in non-NAFLD(10.62%);(3)Of the 6470 subjects with NAFLD,in the age-adjusted partial correlation analysis,there were statistically significant correlations between the ALT levels and most metabolic risk factors in each sex(P＜0.01),except that ALT levels had no correlation with HDL-c in women.Moreover,in the multiple stepwise regression analysis,SBP lost its significance,and WC,body mass index(BMI),age,DBP,TG and FPG were independently associated with ALT levels in both sexes (P＜0.05).HDL-c remained significant and was independently related to ALT leveis in men;(4)ALT levels were significantly higher in subjects with MS compared to those without MS(P＜0.001).Mean ALT levels increased with the number of MS cornponents in each sex (P.＜0.05 for trend).Conelusion:We found a strong relationship between ALT leveIs and MS in NAFLD and revealed that the cluster of MS components might be the predictor for ALT elevations.     

Reviews

Book Reviewed in This Article:
Gagné, Robert M (1989) Studies of Learning: 50 Years of Research
Saettler, P (1990) The Evolution of American Educational Technology
Powell, M and Solity, J (1990) Teachers in Control Routledge
Jensen, Knud and Waller, Stephen editors (1989) Towards Dentocratic Srhooliizg: European Experiences
White, J (1990) Education and the Good Life-beyond the National Curriculum
Paul, R H (1990) Open Learning and Open Management
Pennell, Anne and Alexander, David (1990) The Management of Change in the Primary School
Loder, C P J (1990) Quality Assurance and Accountability in Higher Education
Dochy J et al editors (1990) Management Inforrnation and Performance Indicators in Higher Education
Norris Nigel (1990) Understanding Educational Evaluation
Van Ments, M (1990) Active Talk: the effective Use of Discussion in Learning
Goodlad, Sinclair (1990) Speaking Technically
Hawkridge, David et el (1990) Computers in Third World Schools
McDougall, A and Dowling, C ed (1990) Computers in Education
Gilbert, J R et al editors (1990) Satellite Technology in Education     

Reviews

Bourner, Tom et al ed (2000) New Directions in Professional Higher Education
Cannon, Robert & Newble, David (2000) Handbook for Teachers in Universities and Colleges
Evans, Terry & Nation, Darryl eds (2000) Changing University Teaching
French, Deanie et al eds (1999) Internet Based Learning
Hunter, Dale et al (1999) Handling Groups in Action
Maier, Pat & Warren, Adam (2000) Integr@ting Technology in Learning and Teaching
Ryan, Steve et al (2000) The Virtual University
Also received
Brown, Sally et al (2000) 500 Tips on Assessment
Entz, Susan & Galarza, Sheri Lyn (2000) Picture This:
Feldman, Alan et al (2000) Network Science, a Decade Later
Jukes, Ian et al (2000) net.savvy
Scott, Elspeth (2000) Managing the Internet in the Primary and Secondary School Library     

论上古侯宵幽的元音及侵冬谈的阴声--兼论冬部尾辅音的变化及其在上古音系中的地位演变

简单论述用自然之音考求上古音值的方法,并据以考知侯宵幽三部元音分别为[]、[]、[o]。阴声韵宵幽元音的发音与其相配阳声韵的尾辅音一样,同有唇的动作,这是阴阳相配在收尾音上的音质基础。先秦前期的阳声闭口韵是侵、冬、谈三部,其相配阴声分别是幽、宵、鱼。冬部在先秦前期是独立的闭口韵,后期逐渐演为收鼻,最后与东部合流。     

论《金瓶梅词话》名词的后缀

《金瓶梅词话》的名词后缀有“边、面、首、头、儿、巴、家、每(们)、的、子、者”等11个,表方位和人事;除名词、代词之外,还能和动词、形容词、数词及其词组结合,并使其语法化为名词;所表达的感情色彩除了中性之外,褒贬兼备,喜笑怒骂、谦恭敬重、哀婉爱怜,无所不有。总之,其是近代汉语名词后缀的集大成者,为现代汉语的发展奠定了基础。     

H2S对兔左心室心肌细胞电生理特性的影响

目的:探讨硫化氢(H2S)对兔左心室心肌细胞电生理特性的影响.方法:用标准微电极细胞内记录技术,观测硫化氢对兔左心室心肌细胞电生理特性的影响.观测指标:静息电位(resting potential,RP)、超射值(over-shoot,OS)、动作电位幅值(amplitude of action po-tential,APA)、0相最大除极速率(maximal rate of depolarization,Vmax)、复极20%、50%和90%时间(20%、50%and 90% of duration of action potential,APD20、APD50and APD90)及复极化平均速度(average rate of repolarization).结果:(1)用50μmol/L NaHS 灌流时,和正常对照组相比,APD50、APD90缩短(P＜0.01),复极化平均速度增快(P<0.05).(2)100μmol/L NaHS与对照组比较,APD50、APD90缩短(P＜0.01),复极化平均速度增快(P<0.05).和50μmol/L NaHS相比APD50缩短(P＜0.01)、APD90缩短(P＜0.05)、复极化平均速度增快(P<0.05).(3)200μmol/L NaHS、400μmol/L、1 000μmol/L NaHS可浓度依赖性的使 APA、RP、OS减小(P<0.01),APD20、APD50、APD90缩短(P＜0.01),复极化平均速度增快(P<0.01).结论:H2S可浓度依赖性的影响兔左心室心肌细胞电生理特性.     

Also received

Brown, Sally et al (1995) 500 Tips for Research Students
Busher, Hugh & Saran, Rene (eds) (1995) Managing Teachers as Professionals in Schools
Calder, Judith et al (1995) Learning Effectiveness/Psi of Open and Flexible Learning in Vocational Education
Grace, Gerald (1995) School Leadership
Kimbell, R et al (1996) Understanding Practice in Design and Technology     

Changes of oxidative and lipoperoxidative metabolism in patients with acute viral myocarditis

Objective: To study the changes of oxidative metabolism and lipoperoxidative metabolism in patients with acute viral myocarditis (AVM), and to research pathological chain reactions of a series of free radicals, and oxidative damage and lipoperoxidative damage in AVM patients' bodies. Methods: A random paired control design was used to investigate 70 cases of AVM patients and 70 cases of healthy adult volunteers (HAV) on the basis of contents of nitric oxide (NO), lipoperoxide (LPO) in plasma, and LPO in red blood cell (RBC) as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in RBC as revealed by spectrophotometric assays. Results: Compared with the average values (AV) of the above biochemical parameters (BP) in the HAV group, the AV of NO in plasma, and LPO in plasma and in RBC in the AVM group were significantly increased (P=0.0001), while the AV of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in the AVM group were significantly decreased (P=0.0001). Conclusion: The findings in this study suggested that in the AVM patients bodies the metabolism of NO was disturbed, and the pathological chain reactions of a series of free radicals were so severely aggravated, as to cause the oxidative damage and lipoperoxidative damage in the AVM patients' bodies.     

Yangxueqingnao particles inhibit rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by lysophosphatidic acid

Objective: To observe the effect of Yangxueqingnao particles on rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation induced by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Methods: The amount of3H-TdR (3H-thymidine) admixed in cultured rat VSMC was measured and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and lipid peroxidation end product malondialdehyde (MDA)content of the VSMC were assayed. Results: 1×10-9, 1×10-8, 1×10-7 mol/L LPA in a concentration dependent manner, induced the amount of 3H-TdR admixed, MAP kinase activity, and MDA content of the cultured rat VSMC to increase. However, 5%, 10%,and 15% Yangxueqingnao serum preincubation resulted in a decrease of 23.0%, 42.0%, and 52.0% (P＜0.01) respectively in the amount of 3H-TdR admixed, a decline in VSMC MAP kinase activity of 13.9% (P＜0.05), 29.6% (P＜0.01), and 48.9% (P＜0.01)respectively, and also, a decrease in MDA content of VSMC of 19.4%, 24.7%, and 43.2% (P＜0.01) respectively, in the 1×10-7mol/L LPA-treated VSMC. Conclusions: LPA activates the proliferation and lipid peroxidation of VSMC in a concentration dependent manner. The LPA-induced VSMC proliferation is related to the activity of MAP kinases, enzymes involved in an intracellular signalling pathway. The results of the present study showed that Yangxueqingnao particles can effectively inhibit LPA-induced VSMC proliferation, MAP kinase activation, and reduce lipid peroxidative lesion.     

Reviews

Abbott, Chris (2001) Changing Education
Bassey, Michael (1999) Case Study Research in Educational Settings
Knasel, Eddy et al (2000) Learn for your life
Lockwood, Fred & Gooley, Anneeds (2001) Innovation in Open and Distance Learning
Simons, Robert-Jan et al ed (2000) New Learning
Williams, Marcia et al (1999) Distance Learning
Also received
Branch, Robert & Fitzgerald, Mary Ann(2001) Educational Media and Technology Handbook
Leask, Marilyn ed (2001) Issues in Teaching Using ICT
Linn Marcia & Hsi, Sherry (2000) Computers, Teachers, Peers
Rylatt, Alastair (2001) Learning Unlimited
Stuart, Roderick (1998) Team Development Games for Trainers
Whittaker, Mike & Cartwright, Ann (2000) The Mentoring Manual
Wood, Terryeds et al eds (2001) Beyond Classical Pedagogy
Yates, Chris & Bradley, Jo ed (2000) Basic Education at a Distance     

Photoreductive Dissolution of Schwertmannite with Incorporated As(Ⅴ) Induced by Oxalate and the Mobilization of As(Ⅴ)

Schwertmannite(Sh), a poorly crystalline iron(hydr)oxide that usually appears in acid mine drainage, plays a significant role in the immobilization of As(V). In this study, the effects of UV irradiation and oxalate on the dissolution of Sh with structurally incorporated As(V) [Sh-As(V)] and the subsequent mobilization of As(V) were investigated at pH 3.0. In the dark, more total dissolved Fe was produced(the maximum value was 33.2 mg/L) in the suspensions of Sh-As(V) with oxalate than in those without oxalate. UV irradiation slightly enhanced the mobilization of As(V) for the system of Sh-As(V)-1 and Sh-As(V)-2 in the absence of oxalate compared with that in the dark. However, in the presence of oxalate, UV irradiation caused the concentration of mobilized As(V) to decline by 630-875% compared with that in the dark. This study enhanced our understanding of the mobilization of As(V) and demonstrated that UV irradiation could contribute to the immobilization of As(V) on Sh in aqueous environments containing oxalate.     

山西蟒河自然保护区野生植物资源

调查了蟒河自然保护区野生植物种类及属种区系成分,对野生经济检物资源进行了评价,并提出了利用和保护的对策。     

自发性高血压大鼠膈肌功能的变化

目的：研究自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）膈肌功能的变化。方法：大鼠随机分成两组，SHR组和Wistar大鼠组，各8只，应用体外灌流大鼠膈肌条的方法，测量张力一频率曲线，疲劳指数的变化，同时测定膈肌组织中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性（总NOS和iN0s）和NO含量的变化。结果：与对照组相比，SHR组大鼠膈肌张力-频率曲线右移，疲劳指数下降明显（P〈0．01），组织中SOD、总NOS活性和NO含量显著降低（P〈0．01），iNOS、MDA含量显著增加（P＜0．01）。结论：自发性高血压大鼠膈肌功能受到损伤。     

Perpetrators and context of child sexual abuse in Kenya

Child sexual abuse (CSA) interventions draw from a better understanding of the context of CSA. A survey on violence before age 18 was conducted among respondents aged 13–17 and 18–24 years. Among females (13–17), the key perpetrators of unwanted sexual touching (UST) were friends/classmates (27.0%) and among males, intimate partners (IP) (35.9%). The first incident of UST among females occurred while traveling on foot (33.0%) and among males, in the respondent's home (29.1%). Among females (13–17), the key perpetrators of unwanted attempted sex (UAS) were relatives (28.9%) and among males, friends/classmates (31.0%). Among females, UAS occurred mainly while traveling on foot (42.2%) and among males, in school (40.8%). Among females and males (18–24 years), the main perpetrators of UST were IP (32.1% and 43.9%) and the first incident occurred mainly in school (24.9% and 26.0%), respectively. The main perpetrators of UAS among females and males (18–24 years) were IP (33.3% and 40.6%, respectively). Among females, UAS occurred while traveling on foot (32.7%), and among males, in the respondent's home (38.8%); UAS occurred mostly in the evening (females 60.7%; males 41.4%) or afternoon (females 27.8%; males 37.9%). Among females (18–24 years), the main perpetrators of pressured/forced sex were IP and the first incidents occurred in the perpetrator's home. Prevention interventions need to consider perpetrators and context of CSA to increase their effectiveness. In Kenya, effective CSA prevention interventions that target intimate relationships among young people, the home and school settings are needed.     

Learning whom not to trust across early and middle adolescence: A longitudinal neuroimaging study to trusting behavior involving an uncooperative other

Longitudinal changes in trusting behavior across adolescence and their neural correlates were examined. Neural regions of interest (ROIs) included the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), left anterior insula (AI), bilateral ventral striatum (VS), and right dorsal striatum (DS). Participants (wave 1 age: M = 12.90) played the investor in a Trust Game with an uncooperative trustee three times (1-year interval). Analyses included 77 primarily Dutch participants (33 females). Participants decreased their investments with wave. Furthermore, activity was heightened in mPFC, dACC, and DS during investment and repayment, and in right VS (investment) and AI (repayment). Finally, DS activity during repayment increased with wave. These findings highlight early–middle adolescence as an important period for developing sensitivity to uncooperative behavior.     

胸苷酸合成酶和雌激素受体在乳腺癌中的表达意义及相关性

目的:探讨胸苷酸合成酶(TS)和雌激素受体(ER)在乳腺癌中的表达及它们的相关性.方法:采用免疫组织化学SP法检测111例乳腺癌和38例乳腺腺瘤组织中TS和ER的表达情况.结果:乳腺腺瘤的TS和ER阳性率分别为10.53%(4/38)和36.84%(14/38),差异有显著性(P<0.05);乳腺癌病人中TS和ER的阳性率分别为31.53%(35/111)和40.54%(45/111),差异无显著性(P>0.05).乳腺癌中TS和ER的表达水平与患者年龄、发生部位、组织学类型、淋巴结转移相关性不明显(P>0.05).TS和ER在乳腺腺瘤组呈正向相关(r=0.077),而在乳腺癌组呈负向相关(r=-0.016).结论:TS在乳腺癌组表达率明显高于腺瘤(P<0.0 5);ER在良、恶性乳腺肿瘤内表达率差异无显著性(P>0.05).检测TS、ER对化疗药物选择有指导意义.     

高职外科护理教学思政元素设置调查与研究

目的高职护理专业外科护理教学思政元素挖掘及设置,推进外科护理学课程思政改革。方法选择浙江省衢州与丽水地区范围内14家综合性医院704名外科护理人员为调研对象,设计外科护理教学思政元素问卷,就思政元素3大模块12项内容支持情况进行问卷调查,每项内容采用Likert 5级评分,比较不同等级医院间、不同职称间支持情况。结果 3大模块12项思政元素内容总的支持分为54.49±7.88分,占满分值的90.8%;不同职称间、不同等级医院间支持分比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05);不同职称在"规范意识"项有统计学差异(P<0.05),主要是高级职称支持率明显高于初级人员(P<0.05)。在每个项目认为特别重要的选项中,支持率从高到低分别是责任心(72.56%)、团队意识(70.89%)、维护权利(70.89%)、法制意识(69.92%)、实践操守强化(68.94%)、关爱患者(68.38%)、规范意识(68.25%)、理论操守强化(68.11%)、尊重患者(65.32%)、创新意识(63.37%)、勤于思考(63.09%)、文化自信(58.36%)。结论在外科护理学教学过程中融入文...     

A Bibliography for Philosophy and Constructivism in Science Education

The research literature on educational constructivism is voluminous (see the Carmichael (1990) Pfundt & Duit (1994) and Driver et al. (1994b) bibliographies cited below). The research - in both the Piagetian and Alternative Conception traditions - covers children's learning, cognitive development, curriculum development, classroom practices, teacher education, and much else. There is a further enormous literature on constructivism in philosophy of science (see Leplin (1984) and Churchland & Hooker (1985)), and on constructivism in the sociology of science (see Brown (1984), McMullin (1988, 1992). In turn these latter literatures overlap with the ocean of writing on post-modernist theory of knowledge and cognition (see Gross & Levitt (1994)). The following references relate mostly to educational constructivism, and then, with some exceptions, to articles that address epistemological and philosophical matters in science education. Even so it is not an exhaustive list, but hopefully it will be useful for teachers and researchers in the field. The author welcomes additions or omissions being brought to his attention.