《红高粱家族》中词汇并行与空缺的翻译与接受

汉英两种语言既具相似性又有差异,尤其体现在词汇上。从汉英词汇存在的并行与空缺现象入手,从葛译《红高粱家族》中分别选用的翻译方法及其在译入语中的接受情况,可为其他译者提供借鉴,有助于构建中国文学外译模式,推动中国文化"走出去",进而提升中国文化软实力。     

The influence of lexical and structural variables on lexical decision and syllable judgment tasks

In this study subjects were presented with a series of letter strings and required to either make a lexical decision about each one or to judge the number of syllables present. The factors manipulated were lexicality (word/nonword), word frequency (high/low), syllables (one/two), and array length (4, 5, 6 letters). The results showed that neither task was affected by number of syllables. Lexical decision times were influenced by word frequency and lexicality but not affected by array length or number of syllables. Syllable judgments were found to be significantly quicker for four- and six-letter words compared with five-letter words. Implications of these results in relation to the processing demands of lexical decision and syllable judgment tasks are discussed.     

发展性阅读障碍的神经机制及其对第二语言学习的影响

研究表明拼音文字系统的发展性阅读障碍者与以中文为代表的表意文字系统的发展性阅读障碍者在阅读过程中大脑的激活部位存在差异。关于母语阅读障碍儿童对第二语言学习的影响是近年来发展性阅读障碍研究的热点。双语发展性阅读障碍的理论假设主要有两种语言相互依赖假设和正字法依赖假设。前者认为母语的阅读障碍可以自动迁移到第二语言的学习中;后者认为母语的阅读障碍是否会迁移到第二语言的学习中,要依赖两种语言的正字法特征。我们认为这两种理论不是相互矛盾的,阅读障碍是否会同时出现在两种语言中可能取决于这两种语言是否共用了相同的有缺陷的神经系统。     

Orthographic learning in Spanish children: influence of previous semantic and phonological knowledge

Orthographic learning is one of the steps needed to achieve reading fluency. There are different variables that could influence the formation of orthographic representations. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the previous semantic and phonological knowledge on the formation of orthographic representations. We used a decrease of the length effect as the measure of orthographic learning. We made a reading aloud task that utilised new words with Spanish children from third grade under three different conditions: with prior semantic and phonological training, with prior phonological training and without training. Results showed that knowing the meaning and the phonological form of the words facilitated the formation of orthographic representations, as the length effect was significantly lower than in the other conditions, and it also improved the children's reading performance.     

语汇研究与汉语的民族特征

源远流长的汉语语汇(主要包括成语、惯用语、谚语、歇后语等)是汉语百花园中的奇葩.汉语语汇不仅种类齐全,各类语汇的数量繁多,其内涵也极其丰富,这与汉语单音节语素组词造句的灵活性有直接的关系,汉语语汇的研究与汉语的民族特征密切相关.汉语语汇的丰富性、整体性、形象性特点都与汉语自身的结构特征有关.     

Orthographic Depth and Spelling Acquisition in Estonian and English: A Comparison of Two Diverse Alphabetic Languages

In this study, we investigated the link between the orthographic transparency of a language and the ease or difficulty of acquiring spelling proficiency in that language. The two languages compared are English, with a highly irregular sound-to-print correspondence, and Estonian, a Finno-Ugric language that has one of the most highly regular sound-to-print matches among alphabetic languages. Our study finds Estonian students able to use their early knowledge of stable letter-sound correspondence to attain a high level of spelling proficiency as early as first grade. English students progress more slowly along a predictable pattern of acquiring proficiency based on increasingly more difficult word features. The final indication is that progress in spelling is highly dependent on the orthographic depth of the language being studied.     

词块教学法在大学英语词汇教学中的运用

本文以词块教学法为理论依据,结合目前大学英语词汇教学的现状,分析了词块教学法在大学英语词汇教学中的运用。     

词汇空缺与金融空缺词汇翻译策略研究

词汇空缺是金融翻译中一个常见问题。本文结合实例分析了金融文化背景下金融词汇空缺产生的原因。文章认为,译者在处理金融词汇空缺时,应根据具体的金融文化语境,采用灵活的策略,客观地再现原文内容,使译文准确、规范。     

词汇空缺及其翻译补偿

文章探讨了词汇空缺的主要产生原因，可译性问题，以及在翻译时进行补偿的方法。     

中国劳动者技能形成的历史逻辑及演进趋势

技能形成是劳动者获得技术、技巧和能力的过程,成就这个过程的是一个复杂的制度安排,涉及到政府、行业企业、劳动力市场、劳动者等多个利益相关者,且有着较强的路径依赖。技能形成的路径有内部技能形成、外部技能形成和内外融合技能形成三种。回溯历史,在手工劳动阶段,学徒制占主导,是典型的内部技能形成路径;在大工业生产阶段和现代大生产下,正规职业教育作为外部技能形成路径满足了经济体量扩张的需求;随着外部技能形成中劳动力习得技能与生产脱节的劣势凸显,内外融合技能形成路径因兼具双重优势而成为未来的演进趋势。生产力发展水平和技术进步、经济体制和劳动力市场制度是技能形成路径演进的前因变量。     

Confirmatory factor analysis of word recognition and process measures in the Colorado Reading Project

Measures of word recognition (REC) and two component skills, phonological coding (PHON) and orthographic coding (ORTH), were subjected to multivariate behavioral genetic analysis. Data were obtained from a sample of identical and fraternal twin pairs wherein at least one member of each pair was reading disabled (RD), and from a sample of twins wherein both members of each pair read in the normal range. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit the genetic, common environmental, and specific environmental covariance components for REC, PHON, and ORTH within the RD and normal simples. The resulting heritability estimates for REC, PHON, and ORTH were 0.59, 0.41, and 0.05 in the RD sample, and 0.35, 0.52, and 0.20 in the normal sample. After dropping the nonsignificant common environment parameters from the models, the genetic correlations between REC and PHON and between REC and ORTH were respectively 0.81 and 0.45 in the RD sample, and 0.68 and 0.45 in the normal sample. Differences between the genetic correlations were significant in the RD sample (p<0.005), marginally significant in the normal sample (p<0.10), and highly significant in the combined sample (p<0.001), indicating that genetic influences on individual differences in REC are more strongly related to genetic variance in PHON than in ORTH. These results are consistent with previous demonstrations of substantial genetic covariance between the disabled group's deficits in REC and PHON, but not between REC and ORTH (Olson et al., 1989; Olson and Rack, 1990).     

An OWL-based WordNet lexical ontology

This paper discribes a data representation for WordNet 2.1 based on Web Ontology Language (OWL). The main components of WordNet database are transformed as classes in OWL, and the relations between synsets or lexcial words are transformed as OWL properties. Our conversion is based on the data file of WordNet instead of the Prolog database. This work can be used to enrich the work in progress of standard conversion of WordNet to the RDF/OWL representation at W3C.     

斯滕伯格论成功智力及其成分技能解析——学习、事业与生活成功的视角

成功智力是面向每一个人的,它是每一个人在生活中获取成功所需要的。成功智力由创造性智力、实践性智力和分析性智力三种成分构成。人人皆可成功,人人皆有获得成功的不同路径,重要的是要扬长避短和"扬长补短"。创意、执行和反思的能力是现代人立足谋生所不可或缺的能力,教育必须对此作出反应,并为之奠定基础,从而使得每一个人都能够不断地分析自己的处境,适应新的工作环境,创造性地发挥自身优势。     

博士生可迁移能力培养:张力及消解

注重可迁移能力的培养已经成为最近三十年主要博士生培养国家的教育新动向。改革的形式多种多样,其主要目的在于应对博士就业多元化的趋势。在改革实践中,存在着多种张力。可迁移能力的概念本身就存在理解多元化和外延泛化的缺陷。培养博士生可迁移能力的缘由存在"短板论"和"全人论"的冲突。培养模式存在"附加式"和"融入式"的争议。可迁移能力的评价则有分散式和整合式的差异。应正视这些张力并从培养单位和博士生自身角度进行有针对性的消解。     

从词汇变化与技术进步的关系试探见证词的可靠性

语言是人类历史的映射。本文试图通过比较人类历史上重要发明出现的时间和其语言对应体———见证词———出现的时间来探试见证词的可靠性。研究结果表明 ,一项发明的出现总会引起新的表达或新词 (见证词 )的出现。虽然两者之间存在时差 ,但见证词在很大程度上是可靠的     

Early phonological and lexical markers of reading disabilities

Phonological and lexical characteristics of 30-month-old children’s spontaneous language samples were examined as indicators of later reading outcome. Participants were 27 children, 10 children with reading disability and 17 children without reading disability. Of the non-disabled readers, 7 were at high familial risk for reading disability, and 10 came from families with no history of reading difficulties. Children later identified as reading disabled at second grade and beyond demonstrated narrower lexical diversity and simpler phonological forms as compared to the normal reading participants. Implications of reduced phonological complexity in the productive lexicons of reading disabled children are discussed.     

Soft skills in higher education: importance and improvement ratings as a function of individual differences and academic performance

Three UK studies on the relationship between a purpose‐built instrument to assess the importance and development of 15 ‘soft skills’ are reported. Study 1 (N = 444) identified strong latent components underlying these soft skills, such that differences between‐skills were over‐shadowed by differences between‐students. Importance and improving ratings on these skills predicted academic performance and accounted for the effects of personality on academic performance. Study 2 replicated the structure of the soft skills inventory and associations with academic performance in a larger sample (N = 1309). Examination of mean differences across faculties (humanities, life sciences, hard sciences) revealed higher soft skills ratings in ‘softer’ courses. Study 3 (N = 87) incorporated an IQ measure, which was found to be negatively related to importance ratings on soft skills. Results highlight the cohesive structure of beliefs concerning various non‐academic skills and their significant links to educationally relevant individual differences. Theoretical, methodological and applied implications are considered.     

论剖视图的新交线

剖视图的新交线是否要画,并没有引起工程设计人员的重视,有人为了避免剖视图中画新交线,而使得图样的表达方案变得较为复杂。为了纠正人们对剖视图的新交线认识上的偏差,本文就剖视图的新交线画与不画,原因是什么进行了阐述。     

Spelling difficulties in Spanish-speaking children with dyslexia / Dificultades de escritura en niños españoles con dislexia

In addition to reading difficulties, a significant proportion of developmental dyslexics have spelling problems, which persist into adulthood. Studies carried out in languages with opaque orthographies have found that dyslexics frequently make phonological substitutions when spelling and have difficulties in developing orthographic representations of irregular words. Those errors seem to derive from an excessive use of phonological codes when writing. Minimal research in Spanish (relatively transparent orthography) about the relationship between dyslexia and spelling difficulties has been carried out to date. In this study, 19 Spanish-speaking developmental dyslexics (from 7 to 11 years old) and 28 controls (from 6 to 11 years old, distributed in two groups, one matched for age and the other for reading level with the dyslexics) performed a dictation task of 80 stimuli with different levels of orthographic consistency, in order to discover the codes they use in the writing process. Results showed that Spanish children with dyslexia made significantly more spelling errors, especially among the ruled and irregular words. These findings are consistent with the idea that these children have difficulties in developing orthographic representations and use phonological codes more frequently than non-dyslexics, resulting in phonologically plausible errors when writing irregular words. These results have important implications for the treatment of spelling difficulties in children with dyslexia, highlighting the need to focus on the correct acquisition of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules as well as the development of appropriate orthographic representations.