College Counselor Attitudes Toward Spiritual and Religious Issues and Practices in Counseling

In this study, 86 mental health professionals employed in university counseling centers in the United States were surveyed on their attitudes toward discussing religious and spiritual topics and toward using religious and spiritual practices in counseling. These participants viewed the use and discussion of spiritual topics/practices more favorably than the use and discussion of religious topics/practices. Differences in attitudes toward specific topics and practices are reported, as are implications for practice.     

Wittgenstein as Exile: A philosophical topography

This paper argues that Wittgenstein considered himself an exile and indeed was a self‐imposed exile from his native Vienna; that this condition of exile is important for understanding Wittgenstein the man and his philosophy; and that exile as a condition has become both a central characteristic condition of late modernity (as much as alienation was for the era of industrial capitalism) and emblematic of literary modernism. The paper employs the notion of ‘exhilic thought’ as a central trope for understanding Wittgenstein and the topography or geography of his thought and suggests that philosophy might begin to recognize more fully the significance of location and place in order to come to terms internationalization, multiculturalism and globalization, and with postmodern notions of subjectivity that embrace aspects of the condition of being an exile.     

维特根斯坦的怀疑论思想

维特根斯坦对怀疑论给出了新颖的解答,但有人认为他并没能对怀疑论给出系统的解答,他的遵守规则悖论本身即是一种类型的怀疑论。这种看法是基于对维特根斯坦的误解。不过,在维特根斯坦思想中的确存在怀疑论成分,他未能完全解答怀疑论,因为怀疑论在根本上是人类认识局限的体现。     

Writing the Self: Wittgenstein,Confession and Pedagogy

In this paper I investigate ‘the confessional’ as an aspect of Wittgenstein's style both as a mode of philosophising and as a mode of ‘writing the self’, tied explicitly to pedagogical practices. There are strong links between Wittgenstein's confessional mode of philosophising and his life—for him philosophy is a way of life —and interesting theoretical connections between confessional practices and pedagogy, usefully explored in the writings of the French philosopher, Michel Foucault. The Investigations provides a basis and springboard for understanding the notion of ‘writing the self’ as a pedagogical practice which encourages a confessional mode compelling us to tell the truth about ourselves and, thus, creating the conditions for ethico‐poetical self‐constitution.     

不能不说的话:维特根斯坦与弗雷格、罗素

维特根斯坦在多大程度上受到了弗雷格、罗素对维特根斯坦的激发,这一直都是学界争论的问题。以实证的方法论证这种激发不会影响维氏哲学的独创性,而更加深了对维氏哲学的理解。     

审美——走向心富

美在身边,美在心间——有人对美的存在视而不见,听而不闻,就是因为他们没有回到当下,没有关注自己的心灵,而是太多地把自己放置于扰攘而纷乱的外在场域中,包括随波逐流,追赶时尚,等等;审美发现是一种快乐,也是一种幸福——它需要有设身处地的感受、体验,需要有心灵的审视和情感的抚摸,要经过一个由生理感受转化为心理感受的过程;审美——走向心富。审美与心富是互为关系的,即,人的心灵的观照使审美成为可能,而审美实践的进行,则更有益于人的精神世界的丰富,以及人生境界的提升。对于审美者而言,其中往往即含蕴了或可意会的幸福感。     

Wittgenstein at Cambridge: Philosophy as a way of life

Ludwig Wittgenstein was a reclusive and enigmatic philosopher, writing his most significant work off campus in remote locations. He also held a chair in the Philosophy Department at Cambridge, and is one of the university’s most recognized even if, as Ray Monk says (1990, 401), ‘reluctant professors’ of philosophy. Paradoxically, although Wittgenstein often showed contempt for the atmosphere at Cambridge and for academic philosophy in particular, it is hard to conceive of him making his significant contributions without considerable support from his academic colleagues, his research fellowship and later teaching career at Cambridge. It is this conflicted relationship we explore, between the revolutionary thinker and his base within an educational institution. Starting from a brief biographical sketch of Wittgenstein’s academic life at Cambridge, including his involvement as a student and faculty member in the Moral Sciences Club, we look at how he reconceived the role of philosophy throughout this period of creative antagonism. Throughout his work, from the early Tractatus to his ‘Lecture of Ethics’, and again later in his Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein drew a boundary between empirical science and philosophy: the latter defined as an investigation of language and the limits of meaning. Seldom at home at the university, he was also at odds with his chosen field, offering a therapeutic approach that allows readers ‘to stop doing philosophy when they want to’ (PI §132). We conclude our investigation of Wittgenstein’s relationship with the university and academic philosophy with insights from Pierre Hadot on philosophical inquiry as a vital part of the bios, a form of life that is the life-blood of academia. Hadot offers insights on Wittgenstein’s self-limiting narratives as a crucial aspect of what makes universities such important and enduring institutions, in spite of the vitriolic criticism they draw from iconic members like Wittgenstein.     

论精神生产及精神生产力

人们为认知世界和满足精神文化生活方面的需要所进行的探索、创作活动即精神生产,它具有抽象性、创新性、传承性、长效性等基本特征。精神生产力,作为人们从事精神文化产品的创作、生产的能力,表现的是人与人之间的关系,精神生产改变的是人的主观精神世界。精神生产力与物质生产力相互作用、互促发展;精神生产力与物质生产力相互渗透、相互包含,在一定的条件下可以相互转化。精神生产中,生产力与生产关系都是生产中所形成的人与人之间的相互关系,它们具有同一性。     

对维特根斯坦语言游戏说的科学认识

维特根斯坦的语言游戏说对于语言教学及交际的作用已经得到了学术界充分的重视。但随着研究的不断深入,人们逐渐指出了该理论的不足之处,诸如在一定程度上忽略词语的指称功能、过分强调语境以及缺乏认知基础等。但我们不应该因此而否定该理论,本文提倡客观、宽容的态度对待维氏的理论,发挥主观能动性去发现该理论的更多的积极作用。     

Wittgenstein and post-analytic philosophy of education: Rorty or Lyotard?

I was thinking about my philosophical work and saying to myself: 'I destroy, I destroy, I destroy…'
Context: The 'linguistic turn' of Western philosophy (Heidegger's later works, the penetration of Anglo-American philosophies into European thought, the development of language technologies); and correlatively, the decline of universalist discourses (the metaphysical doctrines of modern times: narratives of progress, of socialism, of abundance, of knowledge). The weariness with regard to 'theory', and the miserable slackening that goes along with it (new this, new that, post-this, post-that, etc.). The time has come to philosophize.
…there is no danger of philosophy's 'coming to an end'. Religion did not come to an end in the Enlightenment, nor painting in Impressionism. Even if the period from Plato to Nietzsche is encapsulated and 'distanced' in the way Heidegger suggests, and even if twentieth-century philosophy comes to seem a stage of awkward transitional backing and filling (as sixteenth-century philosophy now seems to us), there will be something called 'philosophy' on the other side of the transition.     

Wittgenstein and Stage-Setting: Being brought into the space of reasons

Abstract

Wittgenstein constantly invokes teaching, training and learning in his later work. It is therefore interesting to consider what role these notions play for him there. I argue that their use is central to Wittgenstein’s attempt to refute cognitivist assumptions, and to show how normative practices can be understood without the threat of circularity, grounded not in a kind of seeing, but in doing, and the natural reactions of an organism. This can generate a worry that Wittgenstein’s position is quietist and anti-critical: critique, as a challenge to the taken-for-granted grammar of our language game, is technically meaningless. I argue that Wittgenstein does not rule out critique. His own practice demonstrates that critique is possible, but takes place within a language game, and its status as critique is always subject to challenge in the agora of a discourse.     

金岳霖与维特根斯坦：形而上学批判与未来哲学

中国近代哲学家金岳霖批判西方的认识论和形而上学,但仍然以西方哲学的概念体系构建新的中国哲学。鉴于西方语言与形而上学之间的深层关联,他建构的中国哲学必然会被打上西方形而上学的烙印。与之相比,维特根斯坦通过语言批判给出的消解西方形而上学的出路虽然高明,但也给人们留下了更大的困惑,即哲学如果都是否定性的消解而不建构,它的出路在何方?安乐哲区分了理性语言和关联性语言,以古汉语中普遍存在的关联性思维来对抗西方的形而上学化的理性语言,从而为哲学的未来发展找到一条可行之路。     

陶渊明的精神危机及精神探索

用现代生命哲学的观点分析陶渊明的思想实质，可见到其内心深处有着深刻的精神矛盾，他对生命进行了形而上反思，尽管当时盛行的儒、道、玄、释各家思想都对陶渊明的思想发生过一定的影响，但陶渊明真正的质性在于他直面生存困境，敢于冒险，以自己的体验和纯真的性情，完成对生命的拷问，体现出生命意志的健康、强大、自由。     

Training and Abrichtung: Wittgenstein as a tragic philosopher of education

As a landmark philosopher of language and of mind, Ludwig Wittgenstein is also remarkable for having crossed, with apparent ease, the ‘continental divide’ in philosophy. It is consequently not surprising that Wittgenstein’s work, particularly in the Philosophical Investigations, has been taken up by philosophers of education in English. Michael A. Peters, Christopher Winch, Paul Smeyers and Nicholas Burbules, and others have engaged extensively with the implications of the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy for education. One challenge they face is Wittgenstein’s use of the word ‘training.’ It appears throughout his discussions of language learning and in his periodic references to education. This is made all the more problematic by realizing that the German term Wittgenstein uses consistently is Abrichtung, which refers to animal dressage or obedience training, which is currently used in sadomasochistic practice, and which also connotes also the breaking of an animal’s will. I argue that this little-recognized fact has broad significance for many important Wittgenstinian insights into education. I conclude by considering how an unflinching recognition of the implications of Wittgenstein’s word choice might cast him as a pessimistic or tragic philosopher of education and upbringing—following German-language traditions—rather than as thinker more compatible with progressive Anglo-American perspectives.     

Wittgenstein,Social Views and Intransitive Learning

Wittgenstein often refers to matters of learning, and there have been efforts to extract a social conception of learning from his writings. In the first half of this article, I look at three such efforts, those of Meredith Williams, Christopher Winch, and David Bakhurst, and I say why I think these efforts fail. As I go on to argue, though, there is a fairly trivial sense in which learning is a social rather than a psychological phenomenon: ordinarily, there are public criteria for whether someone has learned something. Yet, in the second half of the article, I point to an exception to this general rule. Taking a cue from Wittgenstein, I call this ‘intransitive learning’, as it refers to learning experiences where we cannot say what we have learned or where there simply isn't anything in particular that we have learned. This is a use that is not easily accommodated by received definitions of learning. It also represents a genuinely psychological use of the word ‘learn’. In contrast to ordinary cases of learning, claims about intransitive learning function like expressions and are marked by first‐person authority.