双语儿童的脑执行功能研究述评

有关双语儿童执行功能近年逐渐成为研究热点。本文研究综述近二十年来双语儿童执行功能相关研究的成果,探讨双语对儿童脑执行功能发展的价值意义;从儿童年龄、第二语言熟练程度和社会文化生态因素等角度,分析总结双语对儿童执行功能发展的影响因素;特别关注双语儿童脑执行功能加工运行的神经机制阐释。在此基础上分析研究趋势并对双语教育实践提出了相关建议。     

关注新背景下的儿童早期数学学习

脑与认知科学的最新研究结果表明．数学认知是一个多成分、多系统的复杂的认知系统,它既以种系进化为基础,也与个体的发展和学习密切有关。因此,如何科学有效地进行儿童早期的数学学习,以促进儿童数学认知能力的发展,已经成为学前理论研究和实践探讨的重要话题之一。     

儿童执行功能研究及其对幼儿教育的启示

执行功能作为一种高级认知加工过程,是当前发展心理学研究的热点。文章对国内外有关儿童执行功能发展的文献进行梳理,介绍了执行功能的含义与结构、儿童执行功能的发展阶段并系统总结儿童执行功能的研究成果,旨在加深对学前儿童执行功能本质的理解,并探讨执行功能发展对学前儿童教育理论和实践的启示与价值。     

数学超常儿童发展的认知神经机制及教学启示

数学超常儿童具有优于普通儿童的显著右半球优势、功能增强的左右脑交互连接、优秀的前额皮质控制功能、增强的顶-额网络以及高效的多脑区联动工作模式。从脑科学或认知神经科学角度研究数学超常儿童发展的特异性,为普通儿童数学脑功能的维护与增强、数学学习障碍儿童异常脑功能的干预与矫正提供重要发展途径,为优化数学教育提供智能路径和有效建议。基于此,应采用认知科学的测评考量数学超常儿童的发展潜能、为其配备专业师资和优质教材、并设置科学适切的个性化培养方案。     

学前儿童执行功能研究综述

执行功能指的是个体对自己的意识和行为进行监督和控制的一系列心理过程.学前期是儿童执行功能发展的重要时期.执行功能是与其他功能相互促进、协调发展的,尤其与心理理论发展有密切联系.早期生活环境对执行功能的发展有显著影响.研究者认为,有必要研制相关的早期执行功能评价工具及干预方案,对教师进行有关执行功能发展的专业培训,并向家长宣传有关执行功能发展的知识,以促进学前儿童执行功能发展.     

儿童语言习得的发展认知神经科学依据

在过去的十几年里,发展认知神经科学已成为儿童发展科学和认知神经科学研究的一个热门领域。专家们预测发展认知神经科学将成为未来几十年里研究儿童语言发展与大脑关系的一个崭新而充满挑战的领域。尽管有关儿童语言习得的发展认知神经科学研究还存在着许多难点,但随着脑成像技术的发展,特别是功能磁共振成像和高密度的脑电、脑磁等方法的运用,这一领域已经取得了丰硕的研究成果。本文将就儿童语言习得的发展认知神经科学研究最新进展与儿童语言教育的关系作一介绍。一、儿童早期如何习得语言语言教育是幼儿教育的重要内容和基础,但幼儿语…     

儿童大脑左右半球功能研究进展

本文从儿童心理学的角度,对近年来有关儿童大脑左右半球的功能研究进展进行系统的评述。首先,系统介绍了研究儿童大脑左右半球功能的新方法,即脑电活动记录法、正电子发射断层摄影术、核磁共振技术、半视野速示法和双耳分听法。其次,系统地总结了儿童心理学家采用新方法对儿童大脑左右半球功能进行研究所取得的新成果。这些新成果有助于提高人们对儿童心理发展本质的认识。最后,评介了几种关于儿童大脑左右半球功能偏侧化形成的理论     

大脑执行功能对第二语言学习的影响

执行功能已被证实对儿童未来的学业能力有重要预测作用。对有关执行功能机制及其与语言的关系进行梳理,概要介绍执行功能与第二语言学习的关系,有助于丰富对执行功能与第二语言学习关系的理解,扩展关于二者关系的研究理论视野,同时为执行功能训练促进语言学习相关研究的开展提供文献依据和理论支持。     

孤独症儿童工作记忆的研究现状

从20世纪80年代开始,执行功能逐渐成为发展心理学研究的一个热点,因此孤独症执行功能的探讨也逐渐受到关注.其中作为孤独症执行功能障碍中一个非常重要组成部分的工作记忆更是成为了当今孤独症研究中的一个热点问题.本文在对文献资料进行梳理的基础上,系统介绍了孤独症儿童工作记忆的研究方法和孤独症儿童工作记忆的主要研究成果.最后,对孤独症儿童工作记忆的研究进行了小结和展望.     

儿童认知和情绪执行功能的发展

执行功能可以分为两种类型:认知执行功能和情绪/动机执行功能,这两种类型的执行功能依赖于相对不同的前额叶区域。国内外关于儿童执行功能的发展研究具有跨文化一致性。未来的研究应该结合认知神经科学以明确儿童执行功能发展的脑神经机制,并采用纵向研究以验证执行功能的发展趋势。     

Early Childhood Predictors of Post-Kindergarten Executive Function: Behavior, Parent-Report, and Psychophysiology

RESEARCH FINDINGS: This study examined whether children's executive functions before kindergarten would predict variance in executive functions after kindergarten. We obtained behavioral (working memory task performance), parental-reported (temperament-based inhibitory control), and psychophysiological (working memory-related changes in heart rate and brain electrical activity) measures of executive functions from a group of preschool-aged children. After children finished kindergarten, approximately 2 years later, parents were asked to complete an assessment of children's executive function skills. A regression analysis revealed that pre-kindergarten behavioral, parental-reported, and psychophysiological measures accounted for variance in post-kindergarten executive functions. Specifically, working memory task performance, temperament-based inhibitory control, and working memory-related changes in brain electrical activity accounted for unique variance in post-kindergarten executive functions. These data provide a unique contribution to the executive function literature: No other study has examined whether behavioral, psychophysiological, and parental-reported executive function measures can account for unique variance in future executive function. PRACTICE OR POLICY: These findings are discussed in relation to children's transition to school and executive function training programs.     

What measures of program quality tell us about the importance of executive function: implications for teacher education and preparation

In recent years, increased attention has been given to executive function and its relationship to the overall learning and development of young children. Because of this, it is essential that educators have the skills needed to effectively facilitate the development of executive function throughout early childhood. The focus of the current paper is to provide early childhood practitioners, teacher educators, and researchers with (1) background information about executive function, and (2) findings from a recent large-scale study that provide preliminary information about specific aspects of the learning environment that may support executive function development. In addition, a discussion surrounding implications for practice, particularly related to supporting pre- and in-service teachers as they acquire the skills needed to effectively support young children’s development of executive function skills, is provided. Finally, potential avenues of future research that focus on understanding the role of the learning environment on executive function development are outlined.     

CSRP's Impact on low-income preschoolers' preacademic skills: self-regulation as a mediating mechanism

Based on theoretically driven models, the Chicago School Readiness Project (CSRP) targeted low-income children's school readiness through the mediating mechanism of self-regulation. The CSRP is a multicomponent, cluster-randomized efficacy trial implemented in 35 Head Start-funded classrooms (N = 602 children). The analyses confirm that the CSRP improved low-income children's self-regulation skills (as indexed by attention/impulse control and executive function) from fall to spring of the Head Start year. Analyses also suggest significant benefits of CSRP for children's preacademic skills, as measured by vocabulary, letter-naming, and math skills. Partial support was found for improvement in children's self-regulation as a hypothesized mediator for children's gains in academic readiness. Implications for programs and policies that support young children's behavioral health and academic success are discussed.     

儿童的执行性功能

执行性功能是指为达到未来目标而保持适当的问题解决定势的能力，是儿童认知发展的重要方面。章简要介绍了儿童执行性功能的概念、构成成分、研究方法、年龄发展等问题。发展心理学领域的儿童执行性功能研究的深度和广度有待于进一步加强。     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Parenting on the Academic Functioning of Young Homeless Children

Research Findings: Effects of parenting quality on the academic functioning of young homeless children were examined using data from 58 children ages 4 to 7 and their parents during their stay at an emergency homeless shelter. Parenting quality, child executive function, child intellectual functioning, and risk status were assessed in the shelter, and teacher reports of academic functioning were obtained when the children began kindergarten or 1st grade. As hypothesized, parenting quality was associated with children's academic success, and this effect was mediated by executive function skills in the child. Parenting quality also had a moderating effect on risk, consistent with a protective role of high-quality parenting among children with higher risk levels. Concomitantly, children with higher risk and lower parenting quality appeared to be more vulnerable to academic problems. Practice or Policy: In homeless families, parenting may play an especially important role in academic success through multiple pathways, including the development of executive function skills in their children. Policies and practices to support parents and foster the executive function skills of young children in homeless families may be important strategies to promote child academic success. Implications for intervention efforts with homeless parents and children are discussed.     

Children's Teaching Skills: The Role of Theory of Mind and Executive Function

ABSTRACT— Teaching others effectively may rely on knowledge about the mind as well as self-control processes. The goal of this investigation was to explore the role of theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF) in children's developing teaching skills. Children 3.5–5.5 years of age ( N = 82) were asked to teach a confederate learner how to play a board game and were administered multitask batteries of ToM and EF with mental age, sex, and memory capacity as controls. There was a developmental increase in children's teaching skills (e.g., older children taught longer, explained more rules, and used more strategies when teaching). Examined separately, both ToM and EF explained unique variance in teaching skills over and above controls. Taken together, EF was a significant predictor of teaching efficacy over and above ToM and controls, whereas the same did not hold true for ToM. These results suggest that ToM may be a necessary prerequisite for teaching to occur; however, EF skills appear to play a vital role in children's teaching efficacy.     

Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Theory of Mind in Preschool Children

Baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected from twenty-nine 4-year-old children who also completed batteries of representational theory-of-mind (RTM) tasks and executive functioning (EF) tasks. Neural sources of children's EEG alpha (6–9 Hz) were estimated and analyzed to determine whether individual differences in regional EEG alpha activity predicted children's RTM performance, while statistically controlling for children's age and EF skills. Results showed that individual differences in EEG alpha activity localized to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) and the right temporal–parietal juncture (rTPJ) were positively associated with children's RTM performance. These findings suggest that the maturation of dMPFC and rTPJ is a critical constituent of preschoolers' explicit theory-of-mind development.     

学前儿童执行功能的研究进展

文章从学前儿童执行功能的内涵、测评工具及影响因素等方面综述学前儿童执行功能的研究进展,分析并提出相应的有效策略与建议,为进一步研究学前儿童执行功能提出研究方向。     

儿童早期加法策略发展及其教育启示

计算策略是影响儿童计算能力发展的重要因素,反映了儿童的思维过程及问题解决水平。目前已有研究对儿童早期加法策略的类型、水平及发展特点进行了深入细致的探讨。幼儿园在开展计算教学活动时应积极利用这些研究成果,为儿童提供运用、表达与交流策略的机会,并积极促进儿童策略意识与水平的发展。     

Literacy skills in children with cochlear implants: the importance of early oral language and joint storybook reading

The goal of this study was to longitudinally examine relationships between early factors (child and mother) that may influence children's phonological awareness and reading skills 3 years later in a group of young children with cochlear implants (N = 16). Mothers and children were videotaped during two storybook interactions, and children's oral language skills were assessed using the "Reynell Developmental Language Scales, third edition." Three years later, phonological awareness, reading skills, and language skills were assessed using the "Phonological Awareness Test," the "Woodcock-Johnson-III Diagnostic Reading Battery," and the "Oral Written Language Scales." Variables included in the data analyses were child (age, age at implant, and language skills) and mother factors (facilitative language techniques) and children's phonological awareness and reading standard scores. Results indicate that children's early expressive oral language skills and mothers' use of a higher level facilitative language technique (open-ended question) during storybook reading, although related, each contributed uniquely to children's literacy skills. Individual analyses revealed that the children with expressive standard scores below 70 at Time 1 also performed below average (<85) on phonological awareness and total reading tasks 3 years later. Guidelines for professionals are provided to support literacy skills in young children with cochlear implants.