科海探宝的最佳工具——Scirus科学搜索引擎

本文着重介绍Soirus科学搜索引擎的功能特色、使用方法与检索技巧,并对其进行简要评价。     

Studying machine translation technologies for large-data CLIR tasks: a patent prior-art search case study

Prior-art search in patent retrieval is concerned with finding all existing patents relevant to a patent application. Since patents often appear in different languages, cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) is an essential component of effective patent search. In recent years machine translation (MT) has become the dominant approach to translation in CLIR. Standard MT systems focus on generating proper translations that are morphologically and syntactically correct. Development of effective MT systems of this type requires large training resources and high computational power for training and translation. This is an important issue for patent CLIR where queries are typically very long sometimes taking the form of a full patent application, meaning that query translation using MT systems can be very slow. However, in contrast to MT, the focus for information retrieval (IR) is on the conceptual meaning of the search words regardless of their surface form, or the linguistic structure of the output. Thus much of the complexity of MT is not required for effective CLIR. We present an adapted MT technique specifically designed for CLIR. In this method IR text pre-processing in the form of stop word removal and stemming are applied to the MT training corpus prior to the training phase. Applying this step leads to a significant decrease in the MT computational and training resources requirements. Experimental application of the new approach to the cross language patent retrieval task from CLEF-IP 2010 shows that the new technique to be up to 23 times faster than standard MT for query translations, while maintaining IR effectiveness statistically indistinguishable from standard MT when large training resources are used. Furthermore the new method is significantly better than standard MT when only limited translation training resources are available, which can be a significant issue for translation in specialized domains. The new MT technique also enables patent document translation in a practical amount of time with a resulting significant improvement in the retrieval effectiveness.     

A validated search assessment tool: assessing practice-based learning and improvement in a residency program

Objective:

The objective of this study was to validate an assessment instrument for MEDLINE search strategies at an academic medical center.

Method:

Two approaches were used to investigate if the search assessment tool could capture performance differences in search strategy construction. First, data from an evaluation of MEDLINE searches from a pediatric resident''s longitudinal assessment were investigated. Second, a cross-section of search strategies from residents in one incoming class was compared with strategies of residents graduating a year later. MEDLINE search strategies formulated by faculty who had been identified as having search expertise were used as a gold standard comparison. Participants were presented with a clinical scenario and asked to identify the search question and conduct a MEDLINE search. Two librarians rated the blinded search strategies.

Results:

Search strategy scores were significantly higher for residents who received training than the comparison group with no training. There was no significant difference in search strategy scores between senior residents who received training and faculty experts.

Conclusion:

The results provide evidence for the validity of the instrument to evaluate MEDLINE search strategies. This assessment tool can measure improvements in information-seeking skills and provide data to fulfill Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies.

Highlights

• The University of Michigan MEDLINE Search Assessment tool can be used to assess search skills in residency education.
• Five elements were identified as critical elements in the development of an effective MEDLINE search strategy: inclusion of all search concepts, appropriate use of Medical Subject Headings, appropriate use of search limits, successful combination of all concepts, and search efficiency.

Implications

• This validated assessment tool can serve as an effective means to measure improvements in residents'' information-seeking skills and provide data to fulfill Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies.

     

The internet as a global search system for scientific articles on information and communication

The peculiarities of searching for scientific articles on information and communication over the Internet are described. The object and tools of the search are selected. An object search refers to the Internet resource, which provides the necessary information. The means of searching include tools with the help of which the user may locate the object of the search.     

中国传统思维方式与图书分类法的选择--孙星衍十二分法的文化透视

思维方式是文化的深层本质,是决定文化走向的重要控制因素之一.中国独特的思维方式造就了古代的图书分类法,虽然其影响是隐性的,却决定了分类法的体系和发展格局.中国传统的天人合一、则天法地、唯圣和对待思维方式是影响孙星衍十二分法的深层动因.     

Non-subscription revenue as a source of income

The value of published content differs from market to market. This article briefly examines ways of generating income outside the core academic research market and beyond the mechanisms of consortial and individual article sales.     

科技期刊评价指标的属性分类及选用原则

从信息传播的角度对科技期刊评价指标的反映属性进行分析,将评价指标分为以下4类：影响力指标、文献指标、载体指标、管理指标。通过对评价目的、方法及需求的分析,评价指标相关性和量纲因素分析,以及评价指标选用的发展趋势,提出7项指标选用原则：与评价目的相适应、考虑评价需求的差异、考虑指标的相关性影响、考虑指标的量纲因素、考虑被评期刊类型特点、指标常态获取的便利与可操作性、考虑评价指标选用的发展趋势。     

Citation indexes as a tool for building up a repertoire of scientific information resources

The use of citation indexes, such as the impact factor of the Journal Citation Reports, the Scopus SJR (SCImago Journal Rank) and the SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) indicators, as well as the impact factor of the Russian Scientific Citation Index, is investigated in order to qualitatively assess the content of scientific information resources that are available at the Central Science Library of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.     

Quantum computing models as a?tool box for controlling and understanding the nanoscopic world

Progress in controlling quantum systems is the major pre-requisite for the realization of quantum computing, yet the results of quantum computing research can also be useful in solving quantum control problems that are not related to computational problems. We arguethat quantum computing provides clear concepts and simple models for discussing quantum theoretical problems. In this article we describe examples from completely different fields where models of quantum computing and quantum communication shed light on quantum theory. First we address quantum limits of classical low power computation and argue that the terms of quantum information theory allows us to discuss device-independent bounds. We argue that a classical bit behaves to some extent like a quantum bit in the time period where it switches its logical value. This implies that a readout during the switching process generates entropy. A related problem is the distribution of timing information like clock signals in low power devices. For low signal energy, the situation is close to phase-covariant cloning problems in quantum information theory.     

Quantum computing models as a?tool box for controlling and understanding the nanoscopic world

Progress in controlling quantum systems is the major pre-requisite for the realization of quantum computing, yet the results of quantum computing research can also be useful in solving quantum control problems that are not related to computational problems. We arguethat quantum computing provides clear concepts and simple models for discussing quantum theoretical problems. In this article we describe examples from completely different fields where models of quantum computing and quantum communication shed light on quantum theory. First we address quantum limits of classical low power computation and argue that the terms of quantum information theory allows us to discuss device-independent bounds. We argue that a classical bit behaves to some extent like a quantum bit in the time period where it switches its logical value. This implies that a readout during the switching process generates entropy. A related problem is the distribution of timing information like clock signals in low power devices. For low signal energy, the situation is close to phase-covariant cloning problems in quantum information theory. Second we rephrase a classical statistical method to draw causal conclusions from data of a clinical drug-testing experiment. Since this method, as it is described in the literature, relies on a hidden-variable model of patient’s behaviour it leads to misconclusions if quantum theory infact does play a role in the human mind. The toy model we use to illustrate this is formally a quantum communication protocol in the presence of entanglement. We argue that quantum information theory could put classical statistical reasoning on a safer basis because it does not need hidden-variable models of nature.     

The college textbook as a tool for collection evaluation,analysis, and retrospective collection development

The search for effective methods of predicting book and journal use has been a central concern of acquisitions librarians. This paper suggests the application of citation analysis to the college textbook as a means of evaluating, analyzing, and developing book collections in small and medium sized academic libraries. Arguments for the relevance of textbook citations are presented, and a study of the references found in 25 texts in five separate disciplines indicates that the titles cited go far beyond basic checklists in number and depth and that many of these titles will not be included in smaller academic library collections developed according to traditional methods.     

Medical literature as a potential source of new knowledge

Specialized biomedical literatures have been found that are implicitly linked by arguments that they respectively contain, but which nonetheless do not cite or refer to each other. The combined arguments lead to new inferences and conclusions that cannot be drawn from the separate literatures. One such analysis identified one set of articles showing that dietary fish oils lead to certain blood and vascular changes, and a second set containing evidence that similar changes might benefit patients with Raynaud's syndrome. Yet these two literatures had no articles in common and had never before been cited together; neither literature mentioned the other or suggested that dietary fish oil might benefit Raynaud patients. Two years after publication of that analysis, the first clinical trial demonstrating such a beneficial effect was reported independently by others. A second example of literature synthesis, based on eleven indirect connections, led to an inference that magnesium deficiency might be a causal factor in migraine headache. A third example calls attention to implicit connections between arginine intake and blood levels of somatomedins, a potentially fruitful but neglected area of research with implications for the decline with age of thymic function and protein synthesis. A model and an online search strategy to aid in identifying other logically related noninteractive literatures is described. Such structures are probably not rare and may provide the foundation for a literature-based approach to scientific discovery.