旅行社经营创新初探

当前，我国旅行社发展很快，但普遍存在着规模小、实力弱、组织散、管理差的问题。因此，必须实施经营创新，即观念创新、市场创新、产品创新、营销创新、服务创新等，取得相对的竞争优势，形成自己的特色。     

创新体系的八大内容（摘要）

在1995年全国科学技术大会上,江泽民总书记就指出创新是一个民族的灵魂,是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。推进创新和“建立国家创新体系”已受到国内外经济界、科技界、企业界、政策科学研究者和政府决策者的广泛关注。“创新”概念包括产品创新、技术创新、组织创新、管理创新、制度创新、知识创新、思想创新和理论创新八个方面的内容。     

论创新意识的层次性及其培养

本文根据创新意识在创新实践中自觉程度的高低、指导力量的大小和持续时间的长短,将其依次划分为创新需要、创新动机、创新兴趣、创新信念、创新世界观等六种表现形式,并发现它们之间具有层次性、递进性的特点。根据创新意识的这个特点,参考中国矿业创造工程试点班的教育实践。作者提出在创新意识的培养过程中应坚持循序渐进的原则。     

对创新教学实践的思考

近二十年来，培养学生创新能力已成为世界各国教育的趋势。社会进步、科技发展根本之计应从教育着手，其中尤其重要的是我们的教育方法，必须打破传统思想的束缚，提倡教学创新。本文结合新课标的理念及自己多年来的教学实践，从更新教学观念、营造创新氛围、诱发创新动机、挖掘创新潜能、培养创新个性、鼓励创新行为等六个方面对创新教学的实施进行探索研究，以达到抛砖引玉之效。     

创新是教育事业蓬勃发展的不竭动力

教育创新为其他一切工作的创新培养创新型人才．是其他一切创新的基础性创新；教育创新必须从观念、体制、制度、管理、教学等方面入手．才能真正实现教育的创新。     

化学教学中的创新教育探索

在创新教育中，营造和谐民主的氛围，建立平等友好的师生关系，是培养学生创新意识的基础。培养学生的好奇心、求知欲和丰富的想像力，以及对人类社会发展的责任心、敢于冒险敢于挑战精神，是创新教育的前题。在一切创造发明中，创新意识、创新精神是基础，而创新能力是核心。因此，在教学中要注重培养学生独特、新颖的创新思维能力、实践能力和敏锐的观察能力、丰富的联想能力。     

创新学习研究与学生创新素质的培养

本文在分析与研究“创新学习”的基础上，提出培养学生的创新素质就是要培养学生具有一定的创新意识、创新思维、创新能力、创新精神以及创新人格，使学生在掌握已有知识的基础上能够结合当前实践，大胆开拓、勇于创新，不断探索出适应改革需要的新思想、新观念、新方法、新途径，从而有效地提高学生的应变能力和综合素质，以适应社会的发展。     

高校的希望在于创新

在开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面、全面建设小康社会的进程中,我国高等教育遇到了许多前所未有的新情况新问题.这要求我们只能以创新的思路研究和解决教育面临的新情况新问题.高校的创新一是体现在观念创新上,做到先人一步;二是体现在管理创新上,做到先人一着;三是体现在制度创新上,做到高人一筹;四是体现在条件创新上,做到快人一拍.通过创新的工作促进高等教育健康、协调和可持续发展.     

文化与创新

文化在使用上的意义有两种：一种是与自然相对应;一种是与政治、经济相对应。在第一种意义上,文化本身就是创新。作为社会的“场”、历史的遗产和活动的资源,文化又是人从事创新活动的环境,创新需要文化的支持。文化创新可以改善创新的宏观条件,使创新成为社会的文化产出,文化创新对于创新活动关系紧密的主要因素有科技、媒体、市场、制度等方面的创新。     

浅谈档案工作的创新

面对新时期档案工作遇到的新情况、新问题，要做好新时期的档案工作就必须大胆地创新。要实现档案工作创新、就必须从观念、机制、手段和理论等方面进行创新，努力开创档案工作的新局面。     

家庭社会经济地位与幼儿学习品质的关系:家庭学习环境的中介作用

家庭学习环境是幼儿成长初期最早接触的学习环境,对幼儿学习品质发展具有重要作用。为考察家庭社会经济地位、家庭学习环境与幼儿学习品质的关系,本研究随机抽取来自宁波50所幼儿园的1131名幼儿样本,由幼儿父母报告家庭社会经济地位和家庭学习环境,由教师报告幼儿学习品质。描述性分析、验证性因素分析和中介模型检验的结果显示,年龄较大幼儿的学习品质整体及各维度表现较好;女孩的学习品质整体表现较好,特别是在注意/坚持和学习策略维度上;家庭社会经济地位对幼儿学习品质的总效应显著;家庭学习环境显著正向预测幼儿学习品质;家庭学习环境在家庭社会经济地位与幼儿学习品质之间具有完全中介作用。父母应重视家庭学习环境的作用,并提高实际创设家庭学习环境的能力,促进幼儿学习品质的积极发展。     

Students’ conceptions of and approaches to knowledge building and its relationship to learning outcomes

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among students’ conceptions of knowledge building, approaches to knowledge building, knowledge-building behaviors and learning outcomes. A total of 48 primary school students (from grades 3 and 4) who had experienced knowledge-building activities participated in the present study. After analyzing the students’ interview responses using the phenomenographic method, qualitatively different and hierarchically related conceptions and approaches were revealed. The results indicated that the students with fragmented conceptions tended to use surface approaches to knowledge building while those with cohesive conceptions tended to adopt deep approaches. The findings also indicate that the students with cohesive conceptions or deep approaches were more likely to have better learning outcomes than those with fragmented conceptions or surface approaches.     

Who Prefers What? Disciplinary Differences in Students' Preferred Approaches to Teaching and Learning Styles

This study develops a tool for identifying students' preferred teaching approaches, with high internal consistency for the scales involved. We examined these preferences in relation to students' approaches to learning and to two academic disciplines with contrasting academic environments. The sample consisted of 175 engineering and education undergraduates at a major university in Israel. Responses to our questionnaire revealed students' preferences for four approaches that correspond to the four main instructional approaches that had been identified in research based on teachers' sources. Students' most favored teaching approach is the lecturer who is organized, clear, and interesting, and the second, with a large gap from the first, is the instructor who provides for students' needs in learning. The two approaches least favored are information-transmission and promotion of self-regulation. Students with different approaches to learning preferred teaching approaches that best served their learning approaches. There were few discipline-related differences in students' preferences, in spite of the very different learning environments. However, all participants preferred teaching approaches that they perceived as beneficial for learning but that they had not often experienced, if at all.     

高校体育教育专业术科教学方法改革与优化

对现行的体育教育专业术科教学方法进行了分析。探析术科教学方法改革的指导思想。认为改革首先要树立现代教学方法的观念，改革重点是对教学方法的优化组合，优化组合的过程中有必要强调大学方法的多元化、科学化、现代化；要充分体现术科教学以身体活动为主的特征和教与学过程中的师范性特征。     

方言栏目兴起的美学思考

从接受美学层面来说,方言栏目的兴起,是受众文化审美接近性的需求、传统审美接近性的体现、地域审美接近性的表达和审美个性的选择。     

The interplay between teachers’ approaches to teaching,students’ approaches to learning and learning outcomes: a qualitative multi-case study

The interaction between approaches to teaching and students’ learning has been the focus of research for more than 20 years. Previous studies concerning approaches to teaching in higher education have identified two broad categories: content- and learning-focused approaches. Some studies indicate that teachers do not always adopt a consonant teaching- or learning-focused approach, but might employ elements of both, which results in a dissonant approach. Research on how dissonant approaches to teaching and students’ quality of learning are related is scant. This study explored relationships between how teachers’ approaches to teaching and undergraduate students’ self-reported approaches to learning and learning outcomes. The data for this study consisted of 33 semi-structured interviews with students from three courses. Interviews were analysed with qualitative content analysis. The results demonstrated that, when the teacher used a consonant learning-focused approach to teaching, students’ learning outcomes and approaches to learning were of a slightly higher quality than when the teacher employed a dissonant approach to teaching. However, a dissonant approach to teaching did not always result in a lower quality of approaches to learning and learning outcomes.     

德育方法的实现过程分析

德育方法是德育过程的实践环节，直接影响德育效果。影响德育方法选择的主要因素包括主体和环境两个方面，其中起关键作用的是教师后天形成的教育素质。德育方法是师生双方互动的活动，互动方式实现的一般过程是一种理论模型，这种理论模型虽然有理想的成分，但能帮助实践理清思路。德育方法的实施具有综合性、个性化、创新性等特点。     

How do university teachers combine different approaches to teaching in a specific course? A qualitative multi-case study

Teaching approaches in higher education are at the general level well researched and have identified not only the two broad categories of content-focused and learning-focused approaches to teaching but also consonance and dissonance between the aspects of teaching. Consonance means that theoretically coherent teaching practices are employed, but dissonance occurs when two broad approaches are combined. Previous studies researched teaching approaches at the general level, whereas the present study, researched approaches to teaching at the course level. Three university teachers were interviewed in depth about their teaching approach to one particular course. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. While previous studies have found that dissonance occurs between different aspects of teaching, this multi-case study revealed that dissonance can also be found within a single aspect. The present study suggests that neither content- nor learning-focused approaches to teaching are mutually exclusive and therefore may co-exist in individual teachers’ practices.     

The Significance of Formation Agendas in a Christian Higher Education Program for Spiritual Directors

The characteristics of a spiritual direction formation program as part of a postgraduate course were compared with a range of standard higher education academic agendas of learning. The formational characteristics included acknowledgment of prior experience, cooperative community approaches to learning, teachers as partners in learning, reflective learning processes, and experiential practice-based curriculum. In contrasting with other academic approaches, this study found the two approaches appeared to complement each other. The potential to develop curricula in religious education contexts that emphasize more holistic approaches incorporating aspects of both academic and formational approaches is worthy of further investigation and application.     

Learning from peers: Beyond the rhetoric of positive results

This paper extends previous efforts to provide clarity to the field of cooperative learning. Various theoretical approaches to learning from peers are described, and the implications of these approaches for key instructional choices by teachers are delineated. The primary perspectives of interest in this paper were social-behavioral approaches and cognitive approaches. Potential sources of problems are identified, and suggestions for averting such problems are provided. The role of the teacher within the cooperative classroom is also discussed.