徽州文书的由来及其收藏整理情况

作为徽学研究的重要内容和徽学学科的主要构成,上个世纪发现的南宋至民国年间近50万件（册）徽州原始文书,拥有不可估量的学术价值和理论意义。那么,这些文书从何而来,又是如何流传的呢？其种类和主要内容有哪些？收藏情况又如何？对此,我们很有必要加以全面的认识和了解。     

徽州文化的现存及其价值

清朝康熙六年（1667）正式撤销江南省分为安徽、江苏二省。安徽是因江北有安庆，江南有徽州，取二地之首字而称安徽。徽州，公元前222年就有歙县、黟县两个大县，明清时更为昌盛。徽州文化，以其广博深邃的内涵正越来越受到社会科学界的青睐，同时也引起了经济界的关注。这三年中，我有幸参加并主持了一次全国徽学研讨会和两次国际徽学研讨会。各地、各国专家学者踊跃参加研讨，表现了高度的热情。一种地方文化能够引起国内外的如此重视，足以见其存在的重要和价值。研究徽州文化，对弘扬中华传统文化，促进地方经济和社会发展，促进与各国…     

徽州的法律文书及其学术价值

在现存近50万件（册）徽州各类契约和文书中，法律文书以其丰富的内容、多样的类型和极为可观的数量，占据着举足轻重的地位。这些法律文书不仅包括明清徽州一府六县（即徽州府的歙县、休宁、婺源、祁门、黟县和绩溪）地方官府的行政法规性文书，而且还包括官府和民间抄存的诉讼文书案卷，属于民间法范畴的族规家法、乡规民约以及讼师留下的各种秘不示人的诉讼秘本文书。     

光耀门楣的家徽

自古以来西方人都很看重家徽(或称盾徽、族徽、纹章、盾形纹章)，因为它是一个人、一个家族有地位、有资产的象征。在西欧，上至王公贵族，下至官宦士绅都有自己家族的徽章。     

卡尔维诺的"小聪明"和大智慧

“后现代主义”是一个上世纪六七十年代盛行于西方国家的艺思潮，其主要表现形式为小说，名的后现代派作家大都是小说家。但是，后现代主义或后现代派学并不是一个确切、稳定、清晰的概念。什么是后现代学，后现代学究竟应该怎样界定、含哪些内容，主要有哪些特征等等，向来都见仁见智。     

如何认识民间文学

说到民间学．大家也许会说那是一种地方民间的“土学”．也是一种未经都市化熏陶原始的、无字记载的口头传播学，正是这种扎根民间的“土学”．才使劳动人民的生活丰富多彩．它极其广泛地反映了人类有史以来人科学的全部内容．是其它学无法取代的一门学问，这就是民间学。那么．我们如何去理解、认识它其中的内涵呢？下面就我平时的学习和实践。和人家一同作如下粗浅的探讨：     

日本人认识中国文化的五个阶段──沟口雄三教授访谈录

日本人认识中国文化的五个阶段──沟口雄三教授访谈录张萍近年，随著中国经济的高速发展，在国外的一些中国学学者中出现了重新认识中国社会与文化的倾向。那麽，深受中国古代文化影响的日本，在过去的各个时代是怎样引进中国文化的？又是如何理解中国文化的？现在怎样看...     

黑水城出土纳甲筮法文书初探

黑水城出土文献中有数量可观的纳甲筮法类文书,其中《卜筮要诀》为现存最早将摇钱取卦之法运用在纳甲筮法占卜实践活动中的实例,其方法也传至后世,并成为纳甲筮法起卦的标准法则。本文通过对黑水城所出纳甲筮法类文书的分析,结合纳甲筮法这一占卜体系的内容及其发展,认为黑水城所出这类文书上承唐末宋初的《火珠林》,下启明、清两代的纳甲筮法文献,正处于我国纳甲筮法体系建构之初,其理论体系及概念应用等方面已趋于规范,在文学形式、内容体例等方面也多有建树,对于研究中国纳甲筮法体系的建构有着重要的意义。这些文书的流行也反映出纳甲筮法在"河西走廊"有广泛的民众基础。     

清代文书中奏折与题本的区别

从一般意义上讲,文书大致分为公文书和私文书两类,清代文书亦然。私文书是私人之间往来的文书类型,如书信、便笺等函件,而公文书则是官府处理公务相互往来的文书。本文主要指公文书。依照文书在拟写和流转过程的基本情况,公文书可以分为这样三种类型：一是上行文书,如臣子给皇帝的奏章,下级官员给上级官员的呈等;二是下行文书,如皇帝的谕旨,上级官员给下级官员的批等;     

徽州的古桥

地处安徽、浙江和江西三省交界的徽州，境内山脉纵横，绵延起伏，峰峦叠翠。黄山和道家名山白岳(即齐云山)横亘其问。位于绩溪境内东北走向的翚岭，既是该县岭南、岭北的界山和长江与钱塘江的分水岭，同时也是徽州得名的主要由来。而“徽”字本来就有美好、高耸的含义。     

Kaiping Diaolou and VillagesA Fusion of Chinese and Western Structural and Decorative Forms简

On June 28, 2007, approved by the 31st World Heritage Committee held inChristchurch, New Zealand, Kaiping Diaolou and villages were inscribed in the World Heritage List and became the 35th world heritage in China. They were also the first Chinese world heritage that reflects the culture of overseas Chinese. In fact, as early as June 25, 2001,     

Latins and Georgians and the Crusader Kingdom

Partly because the First Crusade had weakened the Seljuk Sultanate in 1097–1099, David III of Georgia was able to extend his power over much of the Caucasus. The rulers of the Crusader States who stood in need of Eastern Christian allies sought to co-operate with him. Yet although some Western knights served in his army, the practical difficulties of co-ordinating joint action against the Islamic powers of north Syria and Anatolia in the twelfth century proved insuperable. In the thirteenth century the Georgian crown offered an alliance to the leaders of the Fifth Crusade: their forces would attack the northern provinces of the Ayyūbid Empire while the crusaders were invading Egypt. This strategy was sound, but the rise of the Mongol Empire prevented it from being implemented. Nevertheless, the desire for military collaboration between Georgia and the Western powers persisted until the mid-fifteenth century.     

Public and Popular: British and Swedish Audience Trends in Factual and Reality Television

The research in this article examines audience responses to a range of factual and reality genres. It takes as a starting point that television audiences do not experience news or documentary or reality TV in isolation but as part of a range of factual and reality programmes. Factual and reality programming includes a broad understanding of non-fictional programming on broadcast television, satellite, cable and digital television. The breakdown of factual and reality programming into specific genres includes news, current affairs, documentary, and reality programmes, with further sub genres applied within each of these categories. This article critically examines genre evaluation. The quantitative research in this article is based on two national representative surveys conducted in Britain and Sweden. In both Britain and Sweden, programme makers have moved towards a reliance on popular factual genres. In Britain this is across all channels, and in Sweden this is mainly concentrated on commercial channels. Whilst there is still a commitment to news, there is an increasing use of hybrid genres in an attempt to popularise factual output. The impact of this changing generic environment on audiences is that in both countries viewers have reacted by drawing a line between traditional and contemporary factual genres. It is precisely because of the redrawing of the factual map that viewers rely on traditional ways of evaluating genres as public and informative, or popular and entertaining. The data provides evidence that contributes to existing debate on television genre, public service broadcasting, and media literacy skills. The central argument in this article is that genre evaluation is connected with wider socio-cultural discourses on public service broadcasting and popular culture, and that these are common social and cultural values that are shared by national audiences in two Northern European countries.     

闽台糕饼粿印模与两地风俗

一 糕印、饼印、粿印形制各异、工艺精美,是颇为珍贵的民间艺术创作和文化创造.不仅代表着闽台两地的饮食文化,也反映两地的习俗信仰、节庆生活;同时也显现出艺术与生活结合为一体的传统风俗,在福建、台湾等地年节婚庆、敬神祭祖等传统民俗活动中都有广泛的传播.     

Goals and achievement orientations of anglo and mexican-american adolescents in sport and the classroom

The purpose of this study was to analyze the definitions of success and failure (achievement goals) and preferred means to goal attainment (achievement orientations) among male and female Anglo and Mexican-American high school students I athletes in sport and the classroom. Based on a recent conceptualization of achievement motivation, it was assumed that definitions of success and failure could be equated to personal characteristics, behaviors, or outcomes and reflect an emphasis on either effort or ability. Further, it was assumed that there are two major achievement orientations: In one, the means to goal attainment entail social comparison; in the second, goal attainment is processed according to mastery criteria. Results revealed cultural and sex differences in athletic goals. Anglo males were more likely to define sport success in terms of ability while Anglo females and Mexican-American athletes tended to equate athletic success to the demonstration of effort. The reverse was true for sport failure—Anglo males emphasized low effort while the other groups stressed low ability. Variations in preferred achievement orientations were also revealed. For example, in the athletic setting, females showed the least preference for sport success which reflected on the individual and involved social comparison. Males indicated the least preference for individual-oriented, social comparison-based athletic failure.