中国兜被兰属植物的花粉形态及其分类意义

 兜被兰属Neottianthe全世界共约12种,中国均有分布,其中9种为我国所特有。本属花粉形态和组成都很特殊,它是由许多单粒花粉粘结在一起形成复合花粉——花粉小块,其形状一般为狭长的三棱锥体形。外壁表面具5种纹饰类型:(A)近光滑,或具十分微弱的小凹陷;(B)外壁具穿孔状纹饰;(c)外壁具沟渠状纹饰;(D)外壁具拟网状纹饰;(E)具典型的网状纹饰。奉属有些种类,例如:N．cal-cicola,N．monophylla,N．pseudo-diphylax和N．cucullata等4种在分类上还存在许多问题,有些分类学家把N.calcicola,N.monophylla,N.pseudo-diphylax 3种均归并于N．cucullata。孢粉学资料表明上述4个种花粉特征完全不同,因此,上述4种仍应各自独立为种。最后,强调指出N．camptoceras的花粉形状和外壁纹饰等特征在本属为特殊类型。     

中国角盘兰属植物的研究

Herminium is a genus of about 26 species, mainly distributed in the temperate andsubtropical regions of Asia and Europe.  Yunnan, Sichuan and Xizang in China are the pre-sent distribution centre as well as differentiation centre of the genus. In the present paper, taxaof Herminium hitherto recorded in China are taxonomically and phytogeographically discussedand revised, and, as a result, 18 species are recongnized, including two newly recorded spe-cies, H. angustilabre King et Pantl. and H. quinquelobum King et Pantl., and 12 species en-demic to China.  A full list of synonyms is given, a key to the species is provided and thedistribution areas of all taxa are mapped.     

中国阔蕊兰属植物的研究

  Peristylus is a genus of over 60 species, mainly distributed in the Old Worldtropics, with many species extending northwards to central China.   In the present paper, thetaxa of the genus hitherto recorded in China are taxonomically and phytogeographically dis-cussed and revised, and, as a result, 20 species are recognized, including one new species, P.jinchuanicus K. Y. Lang, and four new combinations, P. bulleyi (Rolfe) K. Y. Lang, P. for-restii (Schltr.) K. Y. Lang, P. longiracemus (Fukuyama)  K.  Y.  Lang and  P. neotineoides(Ames et Schltr.) K. Y. Lang. A full list of synonyms is given, a key to the species is pro-vided and the distribution areas in China of all the taxa are mapped.     

中国兰科线柱兰属一新记录种——黄花线柱兰

报道了中国兰科植物一新记录种,黄花线柱兰Zeuxine flava (Wall. ex Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook. f.。本种的唇瓣橘黄色并呈“T”形,前唇裂片成方形,长宽近相等,唇瓣基部囊内各具一枚钩状胼胝体。     

新疆兰科植物的订正和增补

本文根据标本记载新疆的兰科植物11属、16种,  其中5种为新疆新记录,3种为我国新记录。     

三尖杉属的研究

The genus Cephalotaxus contains a small number of species. It is adequatelyappreciated as a newly discovered cancerresistant medicament for the alkaloids obtai-ned from its branches leaves and barks are of curative effect.     This paper deals with the classificatory revision based on the morphological featu-res,  with the reference to the anatomical characters of leaves,  types of alkaloids andpollen morphology observed.  Two new combinations are proposed,  and 4 species andvarieties are reduced in the paper. The genus Cephalotaxus is thus suggested to consistof 2 sections and 9 species.  The trees occur in East Asia and the north of Indo-China, with 88% found in China where is the distribution centre and refuge of the genus.The genus in discussion is of unique morphological features which are distinctly dif-ferent from these of Amentotaxus,  Cephalotaxaceae,  containing a single genus of Ce-phalotaxus,  is closely related to Taxaceae,  and therefore the Cephalotaxaceae is bestplaced in the Taxinieae of Coniferales.     

中国柳属植物地理分布的研究

本文研究了中国产柳属植物的分布,并探讨了该属的起源与演化问题。  我国产柳    属植物255种,约占全世界总数的46％,隶属于37个组,几乎包括了该属所有的进化类型。    因此,中国是世界柳属植物种数最多、类型最丰富的地区。青藏高原的出现,是形成这一分布    特点的重要原因。我国柳属植物主要分布在西北、东北和西南地区。西北地区是中亚分布区    的一部分; 东北地区是东北亚分布区的一部分; 它们又都有一些中欧-西伯利亚和北极-高山成    分。青藏高原与其他分布区间的联系很少,是柳属又一个重要的分布中心。作为泛北极植物区系的典型属之一的柳属,可能起源于东南亚热带山区。     

暖地杓兰——与碗兰属有密切关系的新种

Cypripedium subtropicum S.  C. Chen et K. Y. Lang is a phytogeography-cally significant new species with its habit, inflorescence and column very similar tothose of Selenipedilum of tropical America.  It is found in Mêdog of southeastern Xi-zang, China.  Its slender leafy stem bears at the summit a many-flowered raceme, am-ounting to 1.5 m in height. Although its ovary is unilocular—this is the reason whywe place it in Cypripedium, the column characters resemble those of Selenipedilum. Forexample, the staminode is rather small and its long stalk is very similar in texture andcolor to the filament of the fertile stamens. Obviously, it is a primitive new species re-lated to Selenipedilum based on the similarities mentioned above.      In the subfamily Cypripedioideae, as generally recognized, Selenipedilum is  themost primitive genus, from which or whose allies Cypripedium is derived.  Of phyto-geographical significance is the fact that Selenipedilum occurs in Central America andnorthern South America, while a cypripedium akin to it is discontinuously distributedin subtropical Asia.  This suggests that Selenipedilum or Selenipedilum-like  form beonce continually distributed in North America and eastern Asia when the climate therewas warmer, as it is in the subtropics today.  The floristic relationship between CentralAmerica and subtropical Asia appears to be closer than expected, as shown by the dis-tribution patterns of Tropidia, Erythrodes, etc.  Based on the occurrence of all six sec-tions and particularly the most primitive form in eastern Asia, Cypripedium seems tobe of Asian, rather than Central American, origin.  Selenipedilum possesses some veryprimitive characters, such as trilocular ovary, vanilla-scented fruit, seed with sclerotictesta, simple column and more or less suffrutescent habit.  The latter is considered byDahlgren & Clifford (1982) to be one of ancestral characters of monocotyledons, whichis now very rare not only in Orchidaceae but also in all monocotyledons.  It is indeednecessary to make further investigations on Selenipedilum and also the new species pub-lished here, as well as a detailed comparison between them.     

中国鹅观草属的分类研究

 本文对中国鹅观草属Roegneria进行了分类修订,提出了一个新的分类系统。新系统包括19个新组合或新等级,并按照颖分组、芒分系的原则确认了中国该属植物4组、18系、79种、22变种,其中包括7新系、5新种和1新变种。此外,一些类群的省级分布新记录也在本文作了报道。     

铁线莲属绣球藤组修订

 笔者在中国科学院植物研究所标本馆和欧、美一些著名植物标本馆研究了铁线莲属植物标本之后,完成了此属绣球藤组的修订,确定此组含有22种和23变种。本文还提供了组下分类群的检索表、各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等,并附有多幅插图。笔者曾在2000年根据此组的重要形态特征的演化趋势制定出一个新分类系统,此系统在本修订中继续得到应用。此组重要形态特征的演化趋势的原始状态是：萼片平展,呈倒卵形,顶端圆形或钝,外面边缘无狭短绒毛带;雄蕊花药呈长圆形或狭长圆形,药隔顶端不突出;花组成具花序梗和2枚分生苞片的聚伞花序,生于当年生枝叶腋。衍生状态是：萼片斜上展或近直立,变狭呈长圆形、长椭圆形、披针形或倒披针形,顶端急尖、渐尖或渐狭,外面边缘出现狭短绒毛带(仅文山铁线莲一种);雄蕊花药呈条形,药隔顶端有小突起;花组成具花序梗和2苞片合生形成总苞的聚伞花序,或花单生,只具花梗,而无花序梗和苞片,自老枝的腋芽中生出。在铁线莲属近300种植物中,具有上述原始特征的只有6种：短梗铁线莲C．brevipes、美花铁线莲C．potaninii、绣球藤C．montana、薄叶铁线莲C．gracilifolia、丽叶铁线莲C．venusta和金毛钱线莲C．chrysocoma。这6种中有5种特产我国西南部横断山区一带,只1种(绣球藤)分布较广,东自我国台湾省向西经过我国亚热带山区分布到喜马拉雅西部。此外,简要回顾了本组的分类历史,绘出本组分布区图,以及讨论了铁线莲属中具花序梗和二苞片的聚伞花序在此属各演化路线中出现的简化成仅具花梗单花的现象。     

菊科莴苣属订正及亚洲大陆菊科植物二新属(续）

Having mixed extremely various  patterns of achenes  for a  long time inthe genus Lactuca L., especially showed in the classification of it on the mainland of Asia,Lactuca  L.,  the  primary  unnatural genus,  becomes more nuclear in its limit.   The presentpaper makes a revision to attempt providing a clear cline between Lactuca L. and its relativegenera.     On my opinion, only plants, represented by Lactuca sativa L., which have ovoid capitu-lum during its fruiting, numerous (7-25), yellow ligular florets and longitudinal 1-10 ribsor striae on each side of achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex, should be defined asLactuca L.     In view of the present concept of Lactuca L.,   another group of plants, embodied byLactuca indica L., having its broadening, thin winged-margin of, 1-3 striae on each side ofachenes,  black, dorsi-ventral compressed, acute into thick and short beak at its apex, evident-ly, should not be placed into Lactuca L., but be regarded as genus, i.e. Pterocypsela Shih,gen. nov. Pterocypsela Shih distributes in Eastern and southern Asia, where Lactuca L. does  not occur.  In China there is all of species, seven species, of Pterocypsela Shih.  They are P.  raddeana (Maxim.) Shih, P. indica (L.) Shih, P. elata (Hemsl.) Shih P. lacciniata (Houtt.)  Shih, P. triangulata (Maxim.) Shih, P. sonchus (Lévl.)  Shih and P. formosana  (Maxim.)  Shih, But in Mediterranean regions and Middle and Western Asia mainly distributes Lactu-  ca L., in which there are only seven species from western China, Xijiang autonomic district.  They are L. dolichophylla Kitam., L. sativa L., L. altaica Fisch. et Mey., L. serriola Torner,  L. dissecta Don, L. auriculata DC. and L. undulata Ledb.         With the combination of violet-purple ligular florets  non-ovoid  capitulum  during  its  fruiting, a little thick achenes, acuminate into longer. or short beak at its apex and 4-6 ribs  on each side of it, Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. is evidently different from Lactuca sativa L.  with combination of ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, yellow ligular florets and compres- sed achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex.  There seems to be no point in refusing Mu- lgedium Cass. as a genus.  Strictly speak, Mulgedium Cass. seems to be reminiscent of Para- prenanthes Chang (see bellow) without beak at the apex of its achenes.  In Hengduan moun- tains and mountain range of Himalayas M. tataricum  (L.)  DC. discoveries its relative par- tners. They are M. bracteatum (Mook. f. ex. C. B. Clarke) Shih, M. lessertianum (Wall. ex C. B. Clarke) DC., M. monocephalum (Chang) Shih, M. umbrosum (Dunn) Shih, M. meridi- onale Shih and M. polypodifolium (Franch.) Shih.        Having broadering and thickening margin and 4-7 striae on each side of achenes, grey, dorsi-ventral compressed, truncate and beakless at its apex, Lactuca sibirica (L.) Benth. ex Maxim.  (Sonchus sibiricus L.) is not only different from Lactuca sativa L. with the combi- nation of yellow ligular florets and filiform beak at apex of its achenes, but also from the genus Mulgedium Cass. with beak at apex of its achenes.  Therefore, Lagedium Sojak, establi- shed by J. Sojak (1961), should be restored.  It should be point out that Lagedium Sojak is monotypic genus excluding Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. with beak at the apex of its ache- nes, non-marginated.   Lagedium Sojak widely distributes  in temperate  and  frigid  zone  of northern hemisphere.  In our country, Lagedium sibiricum (L.) Sojak, sole species of the ge-nus, restricts its northeast region.       Paraprenanthes Chang, the new genus, established by Ch. Ch. Chang (1950) based on La-ctuca sororia Miq. and Lactuca yunnanensis Franch.  seems to be a distinct genus.  This ge-nus is characterized by 4-6 ribs on each side of achenes, black, fusiform, a little thick andbeakless at its apex.  Besides above-mentioned two species, assigned by Chang, in forest of tro-pic and subtropic zones on the mainland of Asia there are many species with same structurein achenes like L. sororia Miq. and L. yunnanensis Franch.  The genus Paraprenanthes Changseems to be reminiscants of Mulgedium Cass. and Lagedium Sojak, but differs from the formerin its beakless achenes, from the later in its non-marginated  achenes  and 4-6 ribs on  eachside of it.  In our country, there are all species of the genus known in the tropic and sub-tropic zones on the mainland of Asia.  They are P. sororia (Miq.) Shih, P. yunnanensis (Fra-nch.) Shih, P. longiloba Ling et Shih, sp. nov., P. heptontha Shih et D. J. Liou, sp. nov., P.prenanthoides (Hemsl.) Shih, P. pilipes (Migo) Shih, P. thirionii (Lévl.) Shih, P. sylvicolaShih., sp. nov., P. multiformis Shih, sp. nov., P. auriculiformis Shih, sp. nov. and P. sagitti-formis Shih, sp. nov.     

铁线莲属研究随记(Ⅰ)

于1999年5月至9月,作者先后访问了K、BM、P和S四个植物标本馆,在查阅他们收藏的铁线莲属植物标本的过程中,发现该属的一些分类学问题：(1)发现过去一些学者分别错误地将Clematis montana var．brevifoliola Kuntze,C．apiifolia var．biternata Makino,C．subumbellata Kurz,C．goudotiana Planch．&; Triana,C．insidiosa Baill.,C．kockiana Schneid．和C．longicauda A．Rich．等加以归并,这些均应予以恢复。(2)发现过去发表的subsect．Africanae M．Johnson,C．umbellifera Gagnep.,C．pubescens Benth.,C．rhodocarpa Rose,C．edentata Baker,C．djalonensis Cheval.,C．oliveri Kuntze,C．tibetana ssp．vernavi var．dentata Grey-Wilson,C．yunuanensis var．brevipedunculata W．T .Wang,C．clarkeana var．stenophylla Hand．-Mazz,C．subfalcata Pei ex M．Y．Fang,C．angustifoliola W．T .Wang,C．dasyandra var．polyantha Finet &; Gagnep.等学名不能成立,应加以归并。(3)对构成黄花铁线莲组sect．Meclatis的二亚组给出新的特征集要;根据C．sericea B．H．K．ex DC．与C．grossa Benth．的形态区别不大,有时甚至难以区分以及二者的分布区一南一北互相邻接的分布格局,认为二者可能为一对姊妹群,并将其等作为一个种的两个地理变种处理;认为在非洲大陆广布并分布到阿拉伯半岛的C．hirsuta Perr．&; Guill．包含4变种;将过去置于C．oweniae Harv．的变种var．jonodii移到此种中,并根据C．inciso-dentata A．Rich．特殊的绵毛毛被和内面无毛的萼片等特征,否定过去一些学者将其归并于C．hirsuta的意见,也将其作为C．hirsuta的一个变种处理。(4)描述了单性铁线莲组sect．Aspidanthera的一个特产马达加斯加岛的新亚组subsect．Insid iosae W．T．Wang和尾叶铁线莲亚组subsect．Connatae的一个特产非洲大陆的新系ser．Grandiflorae W．T． Wang以及8新种、1新变种。(5)发现杨宗愈等(1991)报道的秀丽铁线莲C．grata Wall．在我国7省区 (西藏东部、云南、四川、贵州、湖北、湖南、江西)有分布所依据的8号标本均非C．grata,而分别是与此 种相近缘的5个种或变种。(6)发现了伏毛绣球藤C．montana var．brevifoliola Kuntze(原知分布于锡金和印度西北部)在我国西藏、尼泊尔、不丹和缅甸北部,缅甸铁线莲C．burmanica Lace(原知分布于缅甸和 泰国)在我国云南西南部,小木通C．armandii Franch．(原知分布于我国长江流域、越南)在缅甸北部和印 度东北部,以及俞氏铁线莲C．yui W．T．Wang(原知分布于我国云南西北部和西藏东南部)在缅甸北部 的新分布。     

中国溲疏属的分类与地理分布

    本文分析溲疏属的重要形态特征的演化趋势,讨论亲缘属的系统位置和地理分布及区系特点,分类系统的修订和补充,并编写了分种检索表。认为雄蕊不定数,花瓣覆瓦状排列,花丝无齿,子房半下位的是属于原始性状,而雄蕊定数,花瓣镊合状排列,花丝具齿,子房下位的是进化性状,因此新溲疏组应包括在溲疏属内,该组与中间溲疏组是原始类群,而溲疏组是进化类群。国产52种被分为2组,4亚组和17系。溲疏属基本上是属于北温带分布类型,而我国的横断山脉至秦岭南部和华中一带为本属的现代分布和分化中心。     

四川当归属八种植物的核型及地理分布研究

本文首次报道四川八种当归属植物的染色体数目和核型。染色体基数x=11,除青海当归为四倍体植物外,其余种类均为二倍体植物。金山当归  2n=22=20m+2sm;城口当归2n=22=18m+2smsat+2sm;疏叶当归在不同地区有2种核型：2n=22=18m+4sm和2n=22=16m+6sm;四川当归2n=22=16m+2smsat+4sm;茂汶当归2n=22=16m+6sm;青海当归2n=4x=44=36m+8sm;当归2n= 22=14m+8sm;峨眉当归2n=22=10m+2sm+10st。除金山当归和疏叶当归的部分居群核型为1A型外,其余种类均为2A型。根据核型的不对称性程度和外部形态分析了各种类的演化水平,结合四川当归属植物的种类及地理分布,提出四川可能是当归属植物的原始中心和演化中心之一。     

豆科黄华属的植物地理研究

首次全面论述了全世界黄华属(豆科)植物地理。黄华属是豆科少数几个东亚-北美间断分布属之一。对黄华属5组21种的分布进行了分析,发现本属4个频度分布中心依次是：东亚地区(8种／3组,其中特有种4种),伊朗-土兰地区(7种／3组,其中特有种3种),落基山地区(7种／2组,均为特有种)及大西洋北美地区(3种／1组,均为特有种)。基于以下事实：在东亚地区存在本属最多的组与种;在此区可以见到黄华属系统发育系列;该属最原始的组种及最进化的组种也在该区出现等,可以认为东亚地区是该属的现代分布中心及分化中心。伊朗-土兰地区(中亚东部至喜马拉雅)及落基山地区所含种、组数仅次于东亚地区,而且多倍体现象多发生于这两区,因此可认为是本属的次生分布中心及分化中心。在此二地区,物种分化较活跃且复杂,先后描述了很多新种和变种,也曾进行过较多的归并处理。最近的分子生物学证据不断揭示,在这地区曾被归并的一些分类群存在着较大不同,从而提醒分类学家对年轻区系中物种分化较活跃的类群进行分类处理时,无论是建新分类群还是对某些类群进行归并,应持谨慎态度。作者根据黄华属植物的现代地理分布、形态演化趋势、现有的化石及地质历史资料,推测黄华属植物在中新世之前早已形成,并且在晚第三纪欧亚大陆与北美大陆失去陆地连接之前在两大陆已经存在,很可能是于早第三纪或晚白垩纪在劳亚古陆上起源于一个含羽扇豆生物碱的古槐成员。两大陆分离后,在不同的成种因子的影响下,形成了各自的演化格局：在亚洲,晚第三纪的喜马拉雅造山运动、古地中海消失及第四纪冰川作用引起的旱化、寒化,促进了该属植物的强烈分化;而在北美,第四纪的冰川作用及局部的山体隆起,可能是促进该属植物演化的主要动力。根据黄华属植物的系统演化趋势及原始类群的分布式样分析,东亚地区的中国-日本亚区可能是本属植物的原始类型中心。     

中国山芹属的核型演化及地理分布的研究

本文报道了山芹属Ostericum 5种1变种13个居群的核型,其中4种为首次报道。其核型如下：隔山香 O．citriodorum 广东宝安的居群,2n=22=16m+6sm;江西鹰潭的居群,2n=22=14m+6sm+2st;华东山芹 O．huadongensis本所药物园居群,2n=22=16m+6sm;安徽广德的居群,2n=22=16m+4sm+2sm(SAT);绿花山芹 O．viridiflorum内蒙古额右旗的居群,2n=22=18m+4sm;黑龙江双鸭山居群,2n=22=18m+2sm+2st(SAT);山芹 O．sieboldii 辽宁庄河居群,2n=22=4sm+16st+2st(SAT);吉林长白山居群,2n+22+2sm+20st;狭叶山芹 O. sieboldii var．praetieritum 辽宁鞍山的居群,2n=22=2sm+20st;大齿山芹 O.grosseserratum 辽宁庄河居群,2n=18=2sm+16st;江苏宜兴居群,2n=18=2sm+16st;安徽广德居群,2n=18=18st;浙江天目山居群,2n=18=18st。隔山香、华东山芹和绿花山芹具较原始的2A型,山芹和大齿山芹则具较为进化的4A型。此外,大齿山芹具有下行性的染色体基数n=9,这在整个前胡族中都具独特性。根据各居群在种分布区内的核型演化方向及现代地理分布格局并结合形态和孢粉学资料,提出本属的起源是从近缘的当归属起源地横断山区沿着东北和东南两个方向迁移扩散,演化发展形成两个现代次生分布中心,一个是东北向具温带性广布型的分布中心(东北地区),另一个是东南向具亚热带性特有种型的分布中心(华东地区),两个分布中心之间有一个分化活跃、演化最高的纽带种一大齿山芹。