钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展与工作原理

简要回顾了钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展历史,说明了钙钛矿太阳能电池属于染料敏化太阳能电池的一种。介绍了钙钛矿晶体的结构。分层次解释了钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构及工作原理。钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率已经超过了晶体硅太阳能电池。在未来的发展中,钙钛矿太阳能电池很有可能成为下一代薄膜太阳能电池。指出了钙钛矿太阳能电池由于空穴传输层的材料造价昂贵等缺点导致其无法大规模生产,并简单介绍了解决缺点的最新研究工作。     

钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

近年来,钙钛矿太阳能电池研究迅速发展。光电转换效率由2009年的3.8%增长到了2014年的19.6%。而钙钛矿太阳能电池以后的发展潜力也是不可估量的。本文综述了钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构以及材料方面的研究,并详细总结了目前为止钙钛矿薄膜的制备方法。对其以后的发展做出展望,最后将会总结阻碍钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展的问题。     

基于ZnO纳米粒子的有机光伏器件设计与研究

有机光伏器件具有价廉、轻便、柔韧良好以及Roll to Roll制备等特点被受广泛关注与研究。基于有机材料制备的太阳能电池、晶体管、传感器等各个热门领域发挥着重要作用。本文针对有机材料的太阳能电池结构进行改进;合成的纳米粒子(Zn O)材料,并引入纳米粒子作为太阳能电池的电子传输层材料,并对器件性能及微观结构进行表征。结果表明,增加纳米粒子作为阴极传输层(空穴阻挡层),其对活性层表面进行了有效的修饰,并改变了空间电荷区光子数,从而改善了太阳能电池的性能。     

本征层为In_xGa_(1-x)N结构柔性太阳能电池研究

本文研究一种可调带隙量子阱结构的柔性衬底太阳能电池及制备方法。本论文研究的太阳能电池具体结构是:Al电极/GZO/P型nc-Si:H/I层本征InxGa1-xN/N型nc-Si:H/GZO/Al背电极/AlN/PI柔性衬底;其制备方法是首先磁控溅射制备AlN绝缘层和Al背电极,然后采用ECR-PEMOCVD依次沉积GZO基透明导电薄膜、N型nc-Si:H薄膜、InxGa1-xN量子阱本征晶体薄膜、P型nc-Si:H薄膜、GZO基透明导电薄膜,最后制备金属Al电极。由于本征层InxGa1-xN量子阱本征晶体薄膜具有可调禁带宽度,对该结构的太阳能电池起着巨大的作用,很大程度上提高了该结构太阳能电池的效率。     

钙钛矿太阳能电池现状与工作原理分析

本文就钙钛矿太阳能电池的现状进行分析,了解其优势与缺陷,并介绍钙钛矿太阳能电池的工作原理。钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转化率已经高于晶体硅太阳能电池,未来,这种太阳能电池将逐渐发展成为薄膜太阳能电池。     

日本新技术大幅提升太阳能电池光电转换率

日本研究人员通过改变有机薄膜太阳能电池的分子排列结构,大幅度提高了太阳能电池的光电转换率。     

染料敏化太阳能电池的设计与制作

本文对染料敏化太阳能电池的主要组成部分和基本原理、研究进展进行了叙述.同时对各个部分的制作方法进行了简要的介绍,并分析了太阳能电池的研究的方向,以及对其应用前景进行了展望     

利用太阳能电池板的效率问题探讨

太阳能是新型的绿色能源,在应用中太阳能电池的效率是普遍关注的问题,提高其效率,一种办法是在上游解决光电转换效率,这个很重要。同时利用太阳能电池中的使用效率也是很重要的问题,本文研究了太阳能电池的电流-功率输出特性,以及温度对其的影响,为太阳能电池在实际的应用中提供一些参考。     

太阳能电池用多晶硅材料生产现状及发展

为了进一步降低太阳能电池的成本,近些年来世界各国针对此展开了大量的研究工作,多晶硅材料自此步入人们的视线。多晶硅太阳能电池成本较低,与非晶硅电池接近,而光电转化效率较高,又与单晶硅电池接近,由于多晶硅太阳能电池兼具了非晶硅电池与单晶硅电池两者的优点,所以其在太阳能电池总产量中的比率也不断提升。本文将主要阐述太阳能电池用多晶硅材料生产现状及发展。     

基于专利信息分析叠层钙钛矿太阳能电池技术

<正>传统化石能源的日益枯竭和对环境的危害,使其不能满足经济的发展。清洁环保、可持续发展的太阳能一直被认为是能够替代传统化石能源的新型能源之一。单结太阳能电池由于只有一个PN结,其转化效率受到Shockley-Queisser(S-Q)理论的限制,因此,单结太阳能电池的理论转化效率极限为33.7%。由于太阳光谱的能量分布较宽,不同带隙的光吸收材料可以吸收不同能量的光子。由多个不同带隙的吸收材料的子太阳能电池叠层构成的叠层太阳能电池,实现对太阳能光谱多个波段的吸收,提高了太阳能的利用率,突破了S-Q理论的限制,显著提升了太阳能电池的转化效率。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.