远程开放教育环境下自主学习模式的探讨

随着电大远程开放教育的深入发展,加强学生自主学习能力的培养,使学生学会自主学习,提高学生参与学习的主动性和积极性,对保障教学过程顺利进行,提高教学质量具有重要意义。     

Open and distance education as a strategy for human capital development in Nigeria

The development of human capital has been identified as the most important component of all the factors employed in production economics. Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has placed great emphasis on training and education for human capital formation. However, the education process as the primary means of developing human resource has failed, in its conventional mode, to fulfil the needs of the country. This paper therefore examines the impact of open and distance learning on the human capital development processes in teacher education and other areas in Nigeria, presenting an overview of human capital development efforts in Nigeria with a focus on the tertiary education system. The study also maps out the potential benefits and logical justifications for the application of distance learning systems in the training and development of professionals for the industrial and corporate sectors of the economy. In conclusion, a proposal is made for the full‐scale adoption of open and distance learning as a fundamental strategy for human resource development in the country.     

试论远程教育中友情链接和情感交互

交互的阙如是远程教育的一个缺陷,因此在传统远程教育中一直缺少对学生的人文关爱,这既有技术上的因素,更有观念上的缘故。现代信息技术的发展已初步解决了现代远程教育交互的技术问题,这样,如何在远程教学和远程学习中实现以人文主义关怀为特征的友情链接与情感交互,就成为当前现代远程教育中值得深入研究的重要课题。     

Intellectual roots of distance education: a progressive knowledge domain analysis

ABSTRACT

Distance education (DE) is a constantly evolving and advancing field, and as such, its intellectual network and dynamics need to be investigated and explored. In this regard, this study reviewed a total of 1685 articles and 51,940 references through social network analysis for a bibliometric examination of the DE field. The findings indicate that DE is an interdisciplinary field and part of mainstream education. The progressive knowledge domain analysis revealed that the intellectual roots of DE stem from generic social learning theories, after which DE-related theories began to emerge following the foundation of open universities. The research concludes that there was a paradigm shift that resulted from developments in online networked technologies in the 2000s, at which time DE started to gradually evolve into sixth generation ubiquitous DE.     

Current status of learner support in distance education: emerging issues and directions for future research

This study examines the literature on learner support with the aim of helping institutions of higher education plan and implement support services for distance learners. The following issues emerged as areas of particular importance to future research in distance learner support: 1) the lack of research on cost-effectiveness; 2) the lack of empirical research; and 3) the need for a learner-centered approach in designing and implementing learner support. These issues are discussed in detail to enhance our understanding the role of learner support in post-secondary level distance education programs. It is further argued that future research should focus more on developing and refining methods for cost-benefit analysis of learner support, developing a general framework of the learner support model in dual-mode institutions, and developing systematic methods to identify, analyze, synthesize, and assess the needs of distance learners.     

基于碎片化学习的远程开放教育移动学习模式探讨

人类学习方式经历了私塾求学、课堂学习及网络学习三个历史阶段,现代远程开放教育是社会发展的必然要求。移动学习(M-Learning)能够针对现代社会学习者流动分散的学习特征,利用碎片化学习方式,实现最佳学习效果,运用越来越广泛的移动学习必将成为未来学习过程中不可或缺的学习方式,是未来远程开放教育中的最佳学习模式。     

高职教育与远程开放教育互动机制初探

高职教育与远程开放教育的特点与共性决定了远程开放教育与高职教育互动机制建立的必要性。高职教育和现代远程开放教育的发展已经具有互动结合的良好基础。只要在办学理念整合,建立教学资源共享体系,补充开发适用高职学生的电大在线网络平台,创立学分银行等方面实施系统化管理,做到高职教育与远程开放教育优势互补,形成一套新的独特的互动管理机制,这在全国的高职教育系统,都将是一个创新,是一个亮点。     

Detecting bias in meta-analyses of distance education research: big pictures we can rely on

This article has two interrelated purposes. The first is to explain how various forms of bias, if introduced during any stage of a meta-analysis, can provide the consumer with a misimpression of the state of a research literature. Five of the most important bias-producing aspects of a meta-analysis are presented and discussed. Second, armed with this information, we examine 15 meta-analyses of the literatures of distance education (DE), online learning (OL), and blended learning (BL), conducted from 2000 to 2014, with the intention of assessing potential sources of bias in each. All of these meta-analyses address the question: “How do students taking courses through DE, OL, and BL compare to students engaged in pure classroom instruction in terms of learning achievement outcomes?” We argue that questions asked by primary researchers must change to reflect issues that will drive improvements in designing and implementing DE, OL, and BL courses.     

Needs for and utilization of OER in distance education: a Chinese survey

The recent developments within open educational resources (OERs) and open licensing have generated considerable interest among distance educators since open and distance learning is supposed to be the largest consumer/user of and contributor to OER. In China, given the policy of development and use of elaborate courses, conversion of radio and television universities into open universities, establishment of the China Open Resources for Education, and adoption of Creative Commons by the Chinese government, there seems to be further expansion of OER movement in the country. Against this backdrop, it was imperative to know how distance education/open university teachers use OERs and what constraints they face in doing so. This study reports a structured questionnaire and open-ended interview findings on all the 74 teachers of the Beijing Open University for four variables: awareness, needs, utilization, and constraints. The findings show that while the teachers were generally aware of OERs, they misunderstood all web resources as OER; the Chinese elaborate courses dominated the perception and use of OER; and those who used OER mainly required it for teaching content, relevant research, and for adopting teaching methods. Searching for OER, choosing appropriate OER and copyright issues were the common constraints to effective use of OER. These results have been discussed further in relation to international research studies on OER, the context of Chinese distance/open university education, and the Chinese OER policy.     

Quality assurance in distance education: The challenges to be addressed

Integration of technology in all forms ofeducation has narrowed down the gap between theon- and off-campus students and has resulted inthe use of the more broad-based term`distributed learning'. Consequently, distancelearning is seen as a subset of distributedlearning, focusing on students who may beseparated in time and space from their peersand the instructor. The new forms and meaningsit is acquiring, its convergence withtraditional learning and its global impact poseseveral challenges. It has caused a seriousconcern to the governments and the qualityassurance agencies all over the world about thesafety of the national systems, legitimacy ofthe providers, protecting the public from fakeproviders, quality of the offerings etc. thecommon element being `concern for quality'.Many quality assurance agencies have respondedto this need and there is considerable dialogueabout ensuring quality in distance education.Some think that quality assurance practices fordistance education are essentially the same asthose used for traditional education. Othersargue that distance education testsconventional assumptions and hence the presentmechanisms of quality assurance are notadequate to ensure the quality of distanceeducation. This paper highlights the aspects ofdistance education that deviate so markedlyfrom what has been practiced for hundreds ofyears and argues that quality assurance ofdistance education has to be approacheddifferently.     

New evidence on outcomes from South Asian distance education tertiary institutions: some implications for future policy

To policy planners in developing countries open and distance learning (ODL), because of its cost and delivery characteristics, is and has been a very attractive option for delivering tertiary education. Yet we have very little evidence on outcomes and the system's effectiveness. Providing some of this evidence is the main contribution of this article. South Asian institutions are some of the oldest of this type and enrol a large number of students. New data from a number of ODL tertiary institutions in South Asia, gathered though a UK DFID funded project, are presented here. This data is some of the most comprehensive material gathered on the ODL experience and offers new comparative data with conventional tertiary programmes and, data on completion rates and pass rates. All this provides the basis to reach new conclusions and reaffirm old ones on where ODL tertiary institutions are most effectively able to deliver.     

从文化维度谈学校环境对远程开放教育学习者学习效果的影响

学校文化对学校所有活动具有导向作用,同时又能在潜移默化中影响学习者的个人特征。个人特征作用于学习过程,就成为影响学习效果的主导因素。因此,形成一种贴合学校培养目标的文化,并营造一个与之相适应的学校环境,将有助于学习者达成高效能的学习。文章将从远程开放教育对人才培养的规格着眼,探讨远程开放教育的学校文化的内涵及主旨,并对营造此种文化下的高效能学校环境提出建议。     

远程开放教育——培养合格英语本科生的可行之路——天津电大塘沽分校1999级英语本科班跟踪调查报告

本是对天津广播电视大学塘沽分校1999级英语本科（专升本）一个教学班跟踪调查的实证报告。它提供了有关学员学习动机、学生浸润于英语输入（Exposure to English Input）途径和时间、教材和课程的质量控制等方面的基本情况以及可以量化的资料，从而说明远程开放教育是培养合格英语本科毕业生的有效途径。     

Self-regulation in three types of online interaction: a scale development

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale with which to examine students’ self-regulation (SR) in three types of online interaction. Using scale development steps, we constructed the online self-regulation questionnaire (OSRQ), a self-report survey. A total of 799 online students participated in the study. Data from 400 randomly selected participants were used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and data of the remaining 399 participants were used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA yielded three factors as hypothesized: SR in interaction between student and content, SR in interaction between student and student and SR in interaction between student and teacher. The CFA demonstrated that the factor structures appearing in the EFA were also observed with different participants. In addition, we found convergent validity in the OSRQ. The study contributes to understanding SR in online learning settings.     

The challenges of universal primary education in Uganda through distance education programmes

Abstract

This article reports on teacher education in Uganda, with specific reference to the role that distance education has played in upgrading the quality of education in general and in supplying more qualified teachers to meet a growing demand, specifically for teachers involved in primary education. The investigation paves the way for the establishment of the Open University of Uganda and illustrates how the Primary Education Policy of Uganda has increased access to 7 million primary school learners to schools in 2002. The article also explains how the qualifications of 10 000 in-service teachers have been upgraded between 1995 and 2000. The successes of two major in-service teacher education programmes are discussed. The article also explains how the Mubende Integrated Teacher Education Project (MITEP) not only contributed to the training of teachers, but also focused the attention of educators on the possibiliities of distance education for Uganda. Furthermore, it also argues that the Northern Integrated Teacher Education Project (NITEP) has on the other hand achieved successes in the field of inservice teacher education. The programmes assisted in the training of academic support staff who work in distance education. The article concludes by addressing the further needs of distance education in Uganda and highlights the challenges facing distance education programmes in Uganda.     

电子邮件在远程教育中的作用及实现

电子邮件在远程教育中的作用主要表现在：学生提交作业并及时获得教师反馈,为学生提供向教师求疑解难的通道,建立师生间主动的信息推送服务关系,培养学生的质疑能力、书面表达能力以及师生间的沟通能力。教师在应用电子邮件时应注意与其他通讯方式配合,发挥引领、激励和组织作用,邮件内容应包含学生关注的一切。     

对远程开放教育教师作用的思考与实践

现代远程开放教育是当代教育发展的必然趋势。本文论述了教师在远程开放教育条件下角色的转变以及应发挥的作用，以迎接当今世界多极化、教育国际化、知识全球化的挑战。     

Musing on the memes of open and distance education

Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body, so memes (ideas, behaviours, and actions) transmit cultural ideas or practices from one mind to another through writing, speech, or other imitable phenomena. This paper considers the memes that influence the evolution of open and distance education. If the transmission is strong and a sufficient number of policy-makers, managers, or practitioners in various contexts are capable of faithful imitation, the meme pool will evolve to exploit these memes to the full. If the propagation is weak, this may give rise to little or no imitation of the necessary philosophical stances, service orientations, and operational capacities.     

Embracing distance education in a blended learning model: challenges and prospects

Abstract

Distance education reaches out to non-traditional students in geographically dispersed locations, who are unable to attend face-to-face classes. Contact institutions have been quick to realise the many advantages of distance (online) learning, such as easy access to learning materials, interactive activities, assessment and communication tools. However, the path to anything approaching dual-mode provision has not been without obstacles. In South Africa in the early 2000s, the Council on Higher Education reinforced the mandate of distance education universities and decreed that contact institutions should not encroach on this territory. Subsequently, various frameworks and guidelines emerged which can inform current consideration of dual-mode provision. This practitioner report presents two case studies (University of Pretoria, South Africa; and University of Oxford, United Kingdom) which explore the implications for contact institutions in expanding their provision to include distance education.     

远程开放教育学习者权利研究

对学习者权利的认同与维护是时代发展的必然,也是社会进步的体现。远程开放教育为社会公众提供了更多的受教育机会,也因此承担了更多的社会责任和法律义务。在法律上,远程学习者有其身份定位。权利是个法律的核心,远程学习者的权利由国家法律和远程开放教育的属性共同决定。对这一问题的关注和研究,将直接作用于远程开放教育事业的进一步发展和完善。