公共危机管理组织结构：创新而非摒弃

由于危机管理的前瞻性和紧急性,公共危机管理组织必须具备极强的信息处理功能。包括高效的信息搜集功能、上行沟通功能和将决策付诸执行的下行沟通功能。功能的履行必须以合理的组织结构为基础。从信息沟通的视角进行分析,可以发现现行公共危机管理组织结构设置的不足之处并提升危机管理能力。     

对中国元素好莱坞动画电影抵制的反思

从历史角度﹑理论工具应用﹑文化因素和票房现实四个方面分析对中国元素好莱坞动画电影的抵制现象,指出要警惕因为成见而僵化不前,因为抵制而错失学习机会,我们应该努力学习并创造属于自己的品牌国产动画电影。     

The benefits of students learning about critical evaluation rather than being summatively judged

This paper explores how student reflection on assessment procedures is a necessary part of the learning experience, and how such reflection can be supported in our teaching practices. Attention is paid to how discussion and analysis of assessment practices can be prioritized in the opening stages of a course. Further exploration reveals the importance of teaching students the differences in rationale behind summative and formative methods, and ways to do this. The advantages of conceptual marking, how written and verbal feedback should not be the end stage but used as a building block for student reflection, roles for self‐ and peer assessment and particular issues concerning oral assessment are all investigated.     

Silent pedagogy and rethinking classroom practice: structuring teaching through silence rather than talk

Classroom observations are an important source of information about teaching and about the practice of particular teachers. The paper considers the value placed on talk as opposed to silence in this context and suggests that a cultural bias towards talk means that silence is commonly perceived negatively. The paper is based on a qualitative research study involving interviews with 25 teacher participants. These participants identify different types of silence and report how they use various silences in the classroom, suggesting that many different types of silence may be used productively in teaching and learning. The paper provides examples of questions that might be asked when observing teachers' uses of silence rather than talk. It concludes by proposing that classroom observations should take into account the complex skills of ‘silent pedagogy’ where the teacher makes conscious decisions to abstain from intervention based on continuous sensitive readings of the learning environment.     

Experience with the reinforcer and the preference for earned rather than free reinforcers in rats

Manipulating experience with the reinforcer, through either home cage presentations of Noyes pellets or availability of the free reinforcer immediately prior to testing, attenuated the preference for earned as opposed to free reinforcers. Similarly, changing the reinforcer to one of a different flavor at testing increased the preference for the noncontingent reinforcer. These results are consistent with an interpretation of earned reinforcer preference which emphasizes the role of the reinforcer as a discriminative signal for further instrumental responding. It is suggested that the tendency to perform instrumental responses for reinforcers when free reinforcers are available can be explained in terms of traditional learning processes.     

为什么我们不能用西方经济学取代马克思主义政治经济学

西方经济学本质上是西方国家统治阶级关于资本主义市场经济的理论。西方经济学在阶级性、意识形态、价值判断、历史观、研究对象等方面与马克思主义政治经济学根本不同,这决定了根本不能用西方经济学取代马克思主义政治经济学。西方经济学既有庸俗性和辩护性的一面,又有科学性和实用性的一面,对于前者要进行必要的揭露和批判,对于后者要考虑借鉴和吸收。     

论宋以例破法原因

判例在宋代有极大发展,宋统治为防止以例破法采取了诸多措施,但终因体制的弊端、价值取向的偏差、社会关系的急剧变动和技术的缺失等原因,形成以例破法局面,其经验教训极大地影响了明清的判例实践。     

构造柱质量通病的防治及处理措施

介绍构造柱质量通病的几种表现以及治理措施。     

关于“语言是形式,而不是实质(体)”的解说

在索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》中,"语言是形式,而不是实质(体)"这句话多次出现,几乎贯穿了整本书的内容,也体现了索绪尔语言学上的主要观点。反对观点认为索绪尔只注重研究语言的形式,忽视了语言的意义。笔者认为索绪尔这句话是正确的,索绪尔所说的形式并不是单纯的语言的外在表现形式,实质也并非仅仅只是语言的意义。笔者将从以下三个方面来具体阐释"语言是形式,而不是实质(体)"。     

Coherence of retrieval cues,rather than additivity,determines prior cuing effectiveness in the rat

In previous studies, we have shown that adding a supplementary cue in a prior-cuing treatment may dramatically reduce its initial effectiveness. This series of experiments was aimed at testing the hypothesis that such a lack of additivity among retrieval cues could be due to the combined reactivation of memory attributes related to incompatible behavioral responses. For that purpose, rats were partially trained to reach the lighted arm (light condition; usual training condition) or the darkened arm (dark condition) of a Y-maze in order to avoid an electric foot-shock. The first experiment demonstrates that animals learned the two versions of the task similarly and that an exposure to the light similarly acts as an effective retrieval cue after a 24-h interval. In the second experiment, the effectiveness of exposure to the grid alone and to the light alone as well as to the combined light + grid cue was investigated after a 21-day training-to-test interval in the light condition, where light was related to safety and grid was associated with the shock, and in the dark condition, where both light and grid were related to the shock. The results indicate that whereas the compound light + grid cue was an ineffective retrieval cue in the light condition, it acted as an effective retrieval cue in the dark condition, supporting the hypothesis that coherence between retrieval cues is a necessary condition for effective cuing.     

中国传统文化:临渊羡鱼,不如退而结网

在人类的发展历程中,出现了各种各样灿烂的文化。有些文化不留痕迹,无从考寻;有些文化,辗转曲回,源远流长,中国的传统文化是内发原生的,具有顽强的生命力。     

Social Class Differences in Taxonomic Skills: a matter of preference or habit,rather than competence 1

The taxonomic sorting responses of 56 lower‐class and 56 middle‐class children from two age groups (mean ages for these being 8 years 4 months and 12 years 3 months) were assessed under two instructional conditions. One condition involved ‘explicit’ cues to sort the task items taxonomically and the other condition involved only an ‘implicit’ requirement to do so. The social class groups sorted equally well under the ‘explicit’ instructions, but under the ‘implicit’ conditions, the performance of the younger lower‐class children was significantly poorer than that of the younger middle‐class children. The results are considered in terms of a discrepancy between performance (habit or preference) and competence in taxonomic tasks for younger lower‐class children.

     

废旧干电池的环境污染防治及回收利用

介绍了各种干电池的基本化学组成,分析了废旧干电池污染环境的主要途径及对人类的危害,并就回收利用问题提出建议。     

degreeism: Disease or cure?

Drawing upon recent literature on educational inflation, overeducation, and the diploma disese, this paper examines analytically both the positive and negative aspects of degreeism in developed as well as in developing nations. Some of the positive effects of degreeism found are, for example, (1) a positive employment effect, (2) a proxy information effect, and (3) ritualistic effects. Among the major negative effects of degreeism discussed are (1) economic waste, (2) imbalance between job expectations and labor market realities, and (3) consumer deceit. Finally, alternative policy suggestions are presented for addressing the problem of degreeism. Some of the policies discussed are the degree tax, incomes policy, improved labor market information services, and modified civil service procedures. The major implication of such policies is to direct attention to the real issue of competency, not diplomas.