New horizons: Australian nurses at work in World War I

More than 3000 nurses from Australia served with the Australian Army Nursing Service or the British nursing services during World War I. These nurses served in various theatres of war including Egypt, France, India, Greece, Italy and England. They worked in numerous roles including as a surgical team nurse close to the front working under fire; nursing on hospital ships carrying the sick and wounded; or managing hospital wards overrun with patients whilst dealing with a lack of hospital necessities. The skills and roles needed to be a military nurse significantly differed to the skills required to nurse in Australia.     

从世界视角看战后科技革命的历史影响

科学技术发生的每一次重大突破都会引起人类社会生活的深刻变革，并直接影响到世界历史的基本走向。自近代以来，人类社会已发生过三次重大的科技革命，其中第三次科技革命发生于二战后期并在战后得到迅速发展。战后科技革命无论是在规模、深度和影响上都是空前的。     

关于中强震前的应变加速释放现象

针对中强地震前是否会出现地震活动性增强现象的问题,研究了1990～2003年中国MS7.0以上地震.对于同一个地震事件,考虑了多个不同的时间和空间尺度,结果表明,中强震前的地震活动性远比用简单的应变加速释放模型来描述复杂得多.因此,将应变加速释放模型应用于地震危险性估计,仍需做更多的研究.     

日本国家创新系统的历史演进（上）：二战前

本文分析了日本国家创新系统的演进过程。文中将日本国家创新体系的演变归纳为四个时期,即德川时代是日本科学技术的孕育期(1603-1867),明治时代至二战前是日本国家创新系统的构建期(1868-1945),战后至七十年度末是日本国家创新系统的重建与发展期(1945-1979),八十年代后是日本国家的创新系统的调整与完善期(1980-)。本篇主要分析德川时代、以及明治时代至二战前两个阶段日本国家创新系统的演变情况。     

Waking up to shell shock: psychiatry in the US military during World War II

During World War I, military officers encountered a new and puzzling phenomenon: soldiers emerged from the trenches stuttering, crying, trembling and at times were even paralysed and blind. Those in charge were convinced these soldiers were cowards or malingerers who deserved stern discipline or to be court-martialled. A number of physicians, by contrast, initially assumed that these alarming symptoms resulted from close exposure to explosions and called it shell shock. Later, they realized that it was a psychological reaction and came up with psychotherapeutic treatments. But it was only in World War II that military psychiatrists, particularly those in the USA, began to implement treatment methods for this phenomenon in a systematic way. Their thinking and the treatments they devised had significant consequences for the future of American psychiatry, which in turn influenced the development of psychiatry and military psychiatry world-wide.     

"挑战"与"变革"--冷战后的美国国家安全局

冷战结束之后，随着国家安全利益的多元化与新技术革命的加速发展，美国国家安全局的情报搜集、分析与处理能力已越来越不能适应形势的发展。为了改变这种局面，美国国家安全局采取了一系列改革措施：以功能为基础设立新的机构；赋予旧机构以新职能，提高其行动能力；不断加强与企业界的合作，充分利用先进的民用科技成果等等。但是，这些措施并没有完全弥补美国国家安全局的行动能力与“利益”和“技术”之间越来越大的差距。     

Launch vehicle attitude control using sliding mode control and observation techniques

In determining flight controls for launch vehicle systems, several uncertain factors must be taken into account, including a variety of payloads, a wide range of flight conditions and different mission profiles, wind disturbances and plant uncertainties. Crewed vehicles must adhere to human rating requirements, which limit the angular rates. Sliding mode control algorithms that are inherently robust to external disturbances and plant uncertainties are very good candidates for improving the robustness and accuracy of the flight control systems. Recently emerging Higher Order Sliding Mode (HOSM) control is even more powerful than the classical Sliding Mode Controls (SMC), including the capability to handle systems with arbitrary relative degree. This paper proposes sliding mode launch vehicle flight controls using classical SMC driven by the sliding mode disturbance observer (SMDO) and higher-order multiple and single loop designs. A case study on the SLV-X Launch Vehicle studied under a joint DARPA/Air Force program called the Force Application and Launch from CONtinental United States (FALCON) program is shown. The intensive simulations demonstrate efficacy of the proposed HOSM and SMC-SMDO control algorithms for launch vehicle attitude control.     

I got rhythm: Gershwin and birth control in the 1930s

Gershwin's song 'I Got Rhythm' serves here as a backdrop representing the social context of the inter-war years. On center stage is a particular aspect of the history of birth control--the application of a new theory of ovulation to contraception. Starting in 1928, a series of experiments revealed a biochemical rhythm in the female reproductive cycle, which contradicted the widespread idea that ovulation and pregnancy could occur at any time. This discovery was applied to a new contraceptive method, the rhythm method, which enjoyed significant popularity during the 1930s, especially among Catholics. For a short period, women could join Ethel Merman in the refrain 'I got rhythm, I got my man, who could ask for anything more?' But the rhythm method has not lived to its promise, and the play goes on em leader     

网络家电标准谁主沉浮

网络家电行业再掀标准战,两大阵营的标准,谁将成为市场主导标准?本文分析了影响标准确立的关键因素:技术本身和用户安装基础。针对现实问题,文章提出了两大阵营在争夺主导权的竞争中应加强的策略,如先发优势、知识产权战略、加快市场导向的技术开发。     

德国的公共借阅权制度

通过德国的公共借阅权制度,介绍了德国图书馆对著作权问题的处理。     

Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole

The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public - and what private - lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research.     

江苏高速公路绿带主要病虫害及防控研究

本文对江苏高速公路绿带主要病虫害进行了调查汇总,介绍了常见病虫害的种类、寄主、危害症状、发生规律并提出相应的有效防治方法,为充分发挥江苏省高速公路绿化作用打下良好的基础。     

Employee information processing behaviors before and after a corporate downsizing

The World Wide Web possesses unique characteristics that distinguish it in important ways from traditional commercial communications environments. Because the Web presents a fundamentally different environment for marketing activities than traditional media, conventional marketing activities are becoming transformed, as they are often difficult to implement in their present form. In this article, we discuss the idea that these changes portend an evolution in the ''marketing concept'' and argue that in order for marketing efforts to be successful in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required. In this new approach, the marketing function must be reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.     

德国生命科学行动计划

一、21世纪将受生命科学的决定性影响 自2000年6月破译了人类基因组结构以来,广大公众已经充分意识到生命科学所潜在的惊人动力:21世纪初,生命科学将在所有领域得到迅猛发展——从医学直至农业——它将成为本世纪最具意义的基本特征之一,不仅会引起经济、医学、农业、粮食和环境等领域的重大变化,而且还将决定性地影响人类社会的发展以及人类与自然的关系。     

施肥前后稻田土壤中微生物多样性的PCR-DGGE分析

通过测坑定位试验,研究了3种施肥处理下稻田土壤微生物多样性变化。试验结果表明,有机肥能提高土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性。施肥后,稻田上层土壤的土壤微生物群落结构发生了明显的改变。有机肥处理的土壤DNA丰富度最大,为19;无机肥处理的最小,为14。3种施肥处理的DNA序列Shannon-Weaver指数分别为:混施肥处理1.85,有机肥处理2.30和无机肥处理1.60,均匀度指数分别为:混施肥处理0.73,有机肥处理0.82和无机肥处理0.64。上层土壤中,无机肥处理和混施肥处理的微生物多样性相似系数为79%,而施用有机肥的处理与混施肥处理、无机肥处理的相似系数为62%,这表明施用有机肥能明显改变稻田土壤微生物的种群结构。下层土壤各处理仍然具有较高的相似性。     

阿富汗战争中的宣传、情报战与中国的情报安全

作为先战之战的舆论宣传与情报战是美国在阿富汗实施反恐军事行动的重要组成部分.美国通过在阿富汗战争中的宣传、情报战的具体手段运用,显示出其具有高科技与传统舆论手段相结合、制天权与制信息权相结合以及官方与民间相结合等特点.有鉴于此,加强中国的情报安全刻不容缓.     

为荣誉而战——《战争与和平》中的决斗情节分析

本文结合《战争与和平》这部小说的时代背景,从文化背景、情节需要、人性特点、作者倾向、他人对比五个方面分析了小说中决斗情节的特征和重要意义,希望有助于对该小说的进一步研究与解析。