字调对语调的影响——字调与语调关系的另一种考察

语调是语句的音调模式,尽管与字调都表现为音高随时间而变化的形态,但各有自己独特的音高变化格局,而且各自的功能不同,是两个相对独立的语言学平面。从言语的生成阶段考察,字调不会制约语调的形成。字调对语调的内部构造不产生制约关系。从实验语音学的角度考察,字调的改变可能会对语调的调移、调高和调域带来量上的细微变化,但对语调音阶的总体走势与波动形态不构成影响。因此,可以说字调对语调的影响并不明显。     

Perception of suprasegmental features of speech by children with cochlear implants and children with hearing AIDS

This study assessed perception of suprasegmental features of speech by 30 prelingual children with sensorineural hearing loss. Ten children had cochlear implants (CIs), and 20 children wore hearing aids (HA): 10 with severe hearing loss and 10 with profound hearing loss. Perception of intonation, syllable stress, word emphasis, and word pattern was assessed. Results revealed that the two HA groups significantly outperformed the CI group in perceiving both intonation and stress. Within each group, word pattern was perceived best, and then intonation and emphasis, with syllable stress perceived poorest. No significant correlation emerged between age at implantation and perception of the various suprasegmental features, possibly due to participants' relatively late age at implantation. Results indicated that CI use did not show an advantage over HA use in the perception of suprasegmental features of speech. Future research should continue to explore variables that might improve this perception.     

英语口语交际中语言形式上的性别差异

在英语口语交际中,语言形式上的性别差异体现在语音、词汇、句法各个层面。主要表现为:女性语音更趋标准规范、语调活泼多变,用词多文雅含蓄又不乏热情夸张和创新,爱用问句和感叹句,注重语法的正确性,语言的情感型特征明显;男性言语则相对使用较多的次标准语言形式,话语显得直白、朴实、粗犷、不拘小节,祈使句和陈述句相对较多,语言的工具型特征明显。造成这些语言性别差异的原因主要有社会因素、心理因素及交际语境因素等。这些因素相互影响、共同作用,使交际中的男女性言语处于一种动态的变化过程。     

Cross-linguistic analysis of vocabulary in young children: spanish, dutch, French, hebrew, italian, korean, and american english

The composition of young children's vocabularies in 7 contrasting linguistic communities was investigated. Mothers of 269 twenty-month-olds in Argentina, Belgium, France, Israel, Italy, the Republic of Korea, and the United States completed comparable vocabulary checklists for their children. In each language and vocabulary size grouping (except for children just learning to talk), children's vocabularies contained relatively greater proportions of nouns than other word classes. Each word class was consistently positively correlated with every other class in each language and for children with smaller and larger vocabularies. Noun prevalence in the vocabularies of young children and the merits of several theories that may account for this pattern are discussed.     

计算机技术与网络环境下的英语语音教学模式研究

语音是语言的物质外壳,在交际中起着举足轻重的作用。计算机技术及网络的发展对外语教学,特别是对语音教学提供了很多有利条件。本文旨在探讨计算机技术及网络环境下的语音教学模式即多媒体大班授课一语音室小班练习一课后网络自主学习的可行性。期末测试结果对比与问卷调查结果显示这种模式的语音教学有利于提高语音教学效果。     

How Children Understand Sarcasm: The Role of Context and Intonation

To recognize ironic sarcasm, adults may rely on either of 2 cues: the context in which the utterance is made, or the speaker's intonation. In 2 experiments comparing third graders (8–9 years old), sixth graders (11–12 years old), and adults, we investigated the development of children's ability to use these cues. In the first, children were able to recognize sarcasm when the speakers used sarcastic intonation but failed to do so without the intonation cue, even if the context strongly indicated a nonliteral interpretation. In the second experiment, subjects delivered dialogue with intonation they deemed appropriate—and justified their choices—based on contexts that either suggested sarcasm or not. Young children again appeared largely oblivious to contextually implied sarcasm. These results suggest that children initially depend more heavily on intonation than on context in recognizing sarcasm.     

Nonassertive expression of parental approval and disapproval and its relationship to child disturbance.

Assertiveness and affective quality of voice intonation were compared for approving, neutral, and disapproving statements made by 20 sets of parents of elementary-aged children who demonstrated emotional or behavioral disturbances in school and 20 sets of parents of "normal" control children. For mothers, a significant interaction (p = .01) was found between parental group and verbal affect: mothers of "normal" control children demonstrated more assertive voice intonation when expressing affective verbal content (approval or disapproval) than when making neutral statements; mothers of "disturbed" children demonstrated less assertive voice intonation when expressing affective verbal content than when making neutral statements. Differences between mothers on affective quality of voice did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were found for fathers.     

Beginning to disentangle the prosody-literacy relationship: a multi-component measure of prosodic sensitivity

A growing number of studies now suggest that sensitivity to the rhythmic patterning of speech (prosody) is implicated in successful reading acquisition. However, recent evidence suggests that prosody is not a unitary construct and that the different components of prosody (stress, intonation, and timing) operating at different linguistic levels (word, phrase, and sentence) may be related to reading development in different ways. Sixty-two five- to seven-year-old English-speaking children completed a newly developed, multi-component measure designed to assess several different aspects of prosodic sensitivity in a single, easily-administered task. The new measure was found to be sensitive to individual differences in prosodic sensitivity and participants’ overall scores were significantly correlated with measures of vocabulary, phonological awareness, phonological decoding, text reading accuracy, and reading comprehension. An exploratory factor analysis suggested that the multi-component measure of prosodic sensitivity distinguished between the processing of stress, intonation, and timing. The task also distinguished between word-level and sentence-level sensitivity to stress information. These findings add to the growing literature demonstrating a relationship between prosodic sensitivity and reading and represent a first step towards disentangling prosody and developing a more sophisticated understanding of its role in early reading development.     

"因声求气":桐城派的诵读之学

从音节字句上体会古人之神气的＂因声求气＂,是刘大櫆文论语言学转向的必然逻辑结果。凸显以音节为关捩的语言感,使得＂因声求气＂的诵读之学成为桐城派的不二法门。它所生成的是一种独特的体验美学：作古文成为桐城派的＂行为艺术＂。＂因声求气＂的根本诉求,在于在诵读中复活经典的＂义法＂而建构为心灵的秩序和意义。     

语境与英语会话教学

英语会话要求会话者在掌握一定的语言知识的基础上 ,具备了运用语言外知识 (即语境 )进行交际的能力 ,英语会话与对话的语气语调与特定文化的社会规范和会话规则有关 ,英语会话教学应密切结合语境进行     

试论感情语调的超常韵律特征

感情语调具有情韵特征,能传递感情信息。通过用不同模式朗读相同文本,提取感情语调和中性语调的韵律特征并测听对比发现,感情语调的音高、音长、音强等某项或多项出现超常现象。实验表明:这是读者主观体验和因情求气获得了承载感情信息的气韵,也就取得了产生超常韵律的动能;再通过朗读形成的超常韵律特征,使听者感知和读者听觉反馈的心理、生理发生变化而接收到感情信息。感情语调的超常韵律就是情韵特征,因此声象和意象均可反复。研究还发现,在感情语调语意焦点重音边界以及短语或句末声断之后,有时进入感情状态的气韵还会继续延伸,所以声断气连会起到此时无声胜有声和余韵缭绕的效应。     

听写——有效的英语教学手段

听写是一种行之有效的教学手段,对提高学生的语言技能、单词拼写、语法知识等方面十分有益。本文通过对听写中常见错误的归类及分析,从教学的角度进行了探讨,并提出应在辨音、语调、词汇、语法、记忆和心理素质方面加强训练,提高综合语言能力。     

汉语对新加坡英语的影响

本以日常社会交往中谈话的实例，从语法结构、词汇特点、交际语气、语调等角度论述了汉语对新加坡英语的影响。揭示了语言有趣的负迁移现象。     

The influence of diglossia in Arabic on narrative ability: evidence from analysis of the linguistic and narrative structure of discourse among pre-school children

The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of diglossia on linguistic and narrative structures in Arab kindergarten children by testing performance in production and comprehension. The 30 children who participated in our study were asked to retell one narrative text that was read aloud to them in Literary Arabic and another narrative text that was retold to them in Spoken Arabic. Then they were given a comprehension test that included questions pertaining to each of the two stories. In addition, two questionnaires were filled in by their parents, for collecting personal data and evaluating the level of the children’s exposure to Literary Arabic at home. The findings show a significant advantage in the retold spoken text over the retold literary text and in understanding the narrative-discourse. In addition, the findings show that the linguistic gap between Literary and Spoken Arabic seems to impact the level of mastery over linguistic structures in both forms of Arabic. Both of these findings indicate that, despite the fact that the exposure to Literary Arabic at a young age is informal and indirect, pre-school children are able to use linguistic structures from the literary language and to comprehend narrative texts. These results, with a particular emphasis on spoken and literary linguistic knowledge in pre-school children, are discussed herein in light of previous behavioral findings and models of development of narrative abilities in the Arabic language.     

论英语语境对语义的影响

语言语境与人们说话的方式、语义、词汇以及词语的搭配都有着很大的关联;在日常交流中,语音语境(如说话人的语音、语调甚至重音)对听话人的理解都会产生巨大的影响;不同于语言语境,情景语境则会依赖于时间、地点、谈话者的身份等多种因素对话语的意义产生影响;文化语境是除语言语境和情景语境之外对人们的理解、交流、甚至英语学习造成最大影响的因素之一。     

从社会语言学角度分析英语语言的性别差异

男女在语言使用上的特点和差异,在英语中有比较明显的表现,从社会语言学的角度来看,英语中性别差异在语音语调、词汇、句法和言语交际等方面都有很明显的语言学特征和具体表现,这些差异与文化历史背景、女性的社会角色以及生理、心理等方面的特点都是紧密相连的。     

朗读中语调偏误的类型分析

朗读的语调是语流中呈现出来的音高变化的总体模式,它与字调、轻重、停连、快慢等因素有关。从字调偏误、轻重音失当、语句高低升降的“失势”、停连的“失态”、语速快慢的“失度”等方面入手对语调偏误的类型进行剖析,将有利于朗读实践。     

作家语体的辨认和确定——以海明威的作品为例

小说文本的语体,也即其风格特色的生成是由其叙述话语在语音、词汇、语调、语境等多方面的特点共同构成的。要辨认和确定作家的语体可以从其语言类型的选择、叙事语式、语言的审美变异、节奏调控、语境审美蕴味的生成等方面来考察。本文试从海明威作品的口语化叙述、用对话来反映主题、省略直接信息、象征的隐喻、反讽的张力等几大方面的写作特点为例来阐述作家独特语体的生成。     

Intonation and communicative intent in mothers' speech to infants: is the melody the message?

This study explores the power of intonation to convey meaningful information about the communicative intent of the speaker in speech addressed to preverbal infants and in speech addressed to adults. Natural samples of infant- and adult-directed speech were recorded from 5 mothers of 12-month-old infants, in 5 standardized interactional contexts: Attention-bid, Approval, Prohibition, Comfort, and Game/Telephone. 25 infant-directed and 25 adult-directed vocalizations were electronically filtered to eliminate linguistic content. The content-filtered speech stimuli were presented to 80 adult subjects: 40 experienced parents and 40 students inexperienced with infants. The subjects' task was to identify the communicative intent of the speaker using only prosodic information, given a 5-alternative forced choice. Listeners were able to use intonation to identify the speaker's intent with significantly higher accuracy in infant-directed speech than in adult-directed speech. These findings suggest that the prosodic patterns of speech to infants are more informative than those of adult-adult speech, and may provide the infant with reliable cues to the communicative intent of the speaker. The interpretation of these results proposed here is that the relation of prosodic form to communicative function is made uniquely salient in the melodies of mothers' speech, and that these characteristic prosodic patterns are potentially meaningful to the preverbal infant.