校长领导力是如何影响学生成绩的?--基于国外校长领导力实证研究五大理论模型的分析

校长领导力是如何影响学生成绩的?为什么说一个好校长就是一所好学校?对于这些问题,国外关于校长领导力与学生成绩关系的大量实证研究已经初步形成了五个具有影响力和说服力的理论模型:校长领导力三元理论模型、学校氛围中介效应模型、校长领导行为涟漪效应模型、以学习为中心的校长领导力模型和成功校长领导模型,可以很好地解释校长领导力影响学生成绩的方式与关系,对于校长如何提高学校办学质量以及如何提高学生成绩具有实践的指导价值。其中学校发展的政策背景、校长的专业培训、学生的家庭背景、利益相关者的需要等都会对校长领导力产生影响,而校长领导力与这些变量的相互作用又会对学校条件、教室条件以及教师质量产生影响,进而影响学生成绩。     

Principal Leadership for Technology-enhanced Learning in Science

Reforms such as technology-enhanced instruction require principal leadership. Yet, many principals report that they need help to guide implementation of science and technology reforms. We identify strategies for helping principals provide this leadership. A two-phase design is employed. In the first phase we elicit principals’ varied ideas about the Technology-enhanced Learning in Science (TELS) curriculum materials being implemented by teachers in their schools, and in the second phase we engage principals in a leadership workshop designed based on the ideas they generated. Analysis uses an emergent coding scheme to categorize principals’ ideas, and a knowledge integration framework to capture the development of these ideas. The analysis suggests that principals frame their thinking about the implementation of TELS in terms of: principal leadership, curriculum, educational policy, teacher learning, student outcomes and financial resources. They seek to improve their own knowledge to support this reform. The principals organize their ideas around individual school goals and current political issues. Principals prefer professional development activities that engage them in reviewing curricula and student work with other principals. Based on the analysis, this study offers guidelines for creating learning opportunities that enhance principals’ leadership abilities in technology and science reform.     

学校领导五向度模式与校长培训

我国校长培训内容乏善可陈,需要改变。本文首先介绍由结构领导、人性领导、政治领导、文化领导和教育领导构成的学校领导五向度模式的来历;再从课程原理和追求优质学校教育的改革目标要求学校领导再造两个角度,进一步论述基于该模式建构校长培训课程的理据;最后阐述建基于该模式的校长培训内容体系的组成部分,供教师教育机构和培训者参考使用。     

校长道德领导力的提升

校长的道德领导力是校长引领学校全校师生培育和践行核心价值观及实现积极变革的过程、行为和能力。校长的道德领导力呈现为愿景领导力、变革领导力和课程领导力,具有5个方面的表现特征。在校长道德领导力建设过程中,需要处理好个人认识与全校共识、愿景提出与实践落实、目标实现与内部协调、常态领导与危机领导、思想感召与制度规范之间的关系。     

Strategic management in South African education: The leadership dimension

Abstract

Since the introduction of the South African Schools Act, 1996 and the shift to school self-management, strategic management has become an important issue in South African schools. This shift requires a proactive leadership approach by the school principal. The focus in this article is on the leadership dimension of strategic management by the school principal. After elucidating the relationship between strategic management, strategy implementation and leadership, a model of long-term leadership is presented and then applied to the strategic leadership role of the school principal. Acceptable theory in relevant management literature formed the basis of the exposition of the relationship between strategic management, strategy implementation and leadership, while the model of long-term leadership, which was developed from existing leadership models and literature, formed the basis of the discussion of the principal's strategic leadership function. From this emanated new insight into the strategic leadership role of the school principal. This formed the basis of a discussion on the impediments facing the principal in the fulfilment of the function of strategic leader.     

道德领导对于提升校长领导力的可行性思考

萨乔万尼道德领导理论自提出以来,受到国内学者的高度关注,并得到了广泛传播,人们将其视为我国教育管理的＂解毒药＂。道德领导成为人们心中理想的领导模式,它对于提升校长领导力具有极大的作用。但是,因其本身的理想色彩,在当前社会道德正处于转型过渡时期的中国,它只能成为我国校长领导的补充,而不可能成为主体模式。     

Implementation: Measuring and Explaining the Fidelity of CSR Implementation

Comprehensive school reform (CSR) is only as effective as its implementation. By using data collected for the National Longitudinal Evaluation of Comprehensive School Reform (NLECSR), this article explores the factors that predict CSR model implementation and the ways that CSR model implementation varies. We found little difference in the fidelity of implementation between schools implementing a CSR program and their matched comparison schools, but we found vast differences in the fidelity of implementation between different CSR program implementation keys (the normative guidelines received from CSR program developers on which we based our implementation measures). The fidelity of implementation is predicted by multiple factors, including the CSR program implementation keys, the principal's instructional leadership, the measure of teachers' professional community, and the usefulness of the CSR developers' assistance. The change in implementation is associated with positive change in principal's instructional leadership and usefulness of the CSR developers' assistance.     

Leading sustainable schools: exploring the role of primary school principals

The purpose of the paper is to identify the kinds of leadership that are likely to support implementing and sustaining education for sustainable development (ESD) effectively in a primary school. The paper identifies links between ESD and principal leadership literature and constructs a conceptual model of the leadership practices needed for reorienting a school to ESD/education for sustainability. Aspects of the model are explored through Cypriot principals' views on leadership and reported leadership practices. Data were obtained by a nationally administered questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Outcomes indicated some enabling factors for ESD implementation such as encouraging teachers to engage in ESD programmes, collaborate with others and other ways of support which nevertheless reflect what is generally expected of school administrators without seeking deep change. Constraining factors included principals' reported lack of confidence in administrative skills for sustainable schools, limited willingness to challenge the status quo, limited engagement in actions important for supporting ESD activities and features of the national educational policy. Constraining factors pointed towards principals' limited commitment to ESD. The practical significance of the findings is that they identify specific areas of needed professional development for principals such as empowering staff, encouraging critique of current approaches and exploring alternative possibilities for curriculum, pedagogy and policy.     

学校改进中的校长领导力提升:一种分布式领导的研究视角

学校改进中的校长领导力提升是当前学校变革与发展的诉求。要落实"教育规划纲要"成功实现学校改进,就要在校长领导力开发过程中,主动寻求新的领导理论支撑,架构一种分布式领导模式,将校长培养成一名分布式领导者,这可为解决教育管理实践中存在的问题开拓一个新视角。     

CSR Model Implementation From School Stakeholder Perspectives

Despite comprehensive school reform (CSR) model developers' best intentions to make school stakeholders adhere strictly to the implementation of model components, school stakeholders implementing CSR models inevitably make adaptations to the CSR model. Adaptations are made to CSR models because school stakeholders internalize CSR model practices in their own ways. This article focuses on how teachers and school leaders internalize CSR model practices by examining their perceptions of the components of CSR models as well as perceptions of CSR across grades and classrooms. Schools were found to be acquainted, informed, knowledgeable, and fully articulate about their CSR models. Contextual factors, such as teacher turnover, principal leadership, and school priorities, as well as developer supports, accounted for differing perceptions about CSR.     

有效学校校长领导力与学校效能关系的研究综述

有效学校校长领导力是校长创造一种以学生高效学习、教师高效工作、有创新精神为特征的学校氛围的能力。在日益强调学校有效发展的今天,有效学校校长领导力对学校绩效的作用已逐渐引发了理论研究者和教育实践者的关注。本文对有效学校及相关概念的研究、有效学校校长领导力的研究、有效学校校长领导力与学校效能关系的研究进行了综述,并从研究理论、研究方法和研究内容三个方面对校长领导力的现有研究进行了反思和展望。     

论校长美德

对校长而言,只有具备各种美德,才能实施道德领导,方可有效地建设一所道德学校。博爱、贵生的美德可以促使校长确立以人为本的管理价值理念;谦虚、奉献的美德可以力促校长更好地实现为师生服务的管理宗旨;节制、审慎的美德可以令校长不断地反思与调控学校管理过程;公正、诚信的美德可以保证校长在管理方式上讲究民主、注重合作;慷慨、宽容的美德可以敦促校长在管理评价时保持弹性、避免极端。     

A Comment on Gray,Jesson, Goldstein,Hedger, and Rasbash

ABSTRACT

The instructional leadership role of the principal has received much attention in the literature. The present study draws upon emerging research and explores the basis for predicting school academic achievement from the instructional leadership behavior of principals. A model of instructional leadership was examined to determine its predictive power in correctly identifying high‐ and low‐achieving elementary and high schools in two distinct cultural contexts. A total of 265 teachers and principals from California and the Marshall Islands participated in the study. The results indicate that school academic achievement can be predicted from a knowledge of principal instructional leadership behaviors. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.     

校长信息化领导力的构成与模型

教育信息化是国家教育发展的重要方针,它要求校长有信息化领导力。校长信息化领导力是指校长在推进学校信息化过程中,能够规划、建设信息化发展愿景,并能影响和带领师生共同实现这个愿景的能力与智慧。它由学校信息化系统的规划与建设、人力资源建设、教学与管理、经验与总结、校园文化建设五个方面构成。为此,要求校长有一定的信息素养。提高校长的信息化领导力段开展校长信息化领导力、校长信息化领导力评阅价的研究,改革现有校长培训方式。     

德性伦理视域下的校长领导

德性伦理是一种关注个人道德认识和道德修养,立足于个人道德品质的提高,并以实现主体自我完善和自我发展为终极目标的道德。德性伦理要求校长成为德性领导,校长德性领导应注重在真正的"人的意义世界"中展开其领导行为;要慎用权力、以德服人,重视道德领导的价值;应成为学习型领导者,并自觉提升自身领导力。     

从培养领导者到发展领导力:校长培训理论视角的转型

对"领导者发展"和"领导力发展"的区分是领导发展研究的重要突破,在校长培训领域,对校长"英雄式"的认识以及领导力发展中的"还原论"形塑了今天以"领导者发展"为主的校长培训模式.本文总结并比较分析了"领导者发展"与"领导力发展"两种理论视角,提出校长培训的理论视角应从培养"英雄式"的校长个人转向到发展学校的整体领导力.     

ESD implementation at the school organisation level,part 1 – investigating the quality criteria guiding school leaders’ work at recognized ESD schools

Research on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) implementation tends to focus primarily on student and teacher outcomes, and there have been few studies on leadership practices at the school organisation level that provide information on how quality in education contributes to ESD implementation. To address this issue, we conducted an empirical mixed methods study of existing practices in 10 highly ESD-active upper secondary schools in Sweden. The schools’ principals, who were responsible for implementing ESD, were interviewed to obtain information on the quality criteria they used to guide their work. Twenty-six criteria were identified and grouped into four main principal quality criteria on the basis of statistical analysis: Collaborative interaction and school development; Student centred education; Cooperation with local society; and Proactive leadership and continuity. This categorization both supports existing research on ESD quality criteria and highlights new criteria that are important but were previously unrecognized. Trends in the identified quality criteria are discussed and related to prior research in order to identify potentially fruitful school leadership and management for implementing ESD at the school organisational level.     

Preschool principal’s curriculum leadership indicators: a Taiwan perspective

The role of a principal’s curriculum leadership has become an educational issue in Taiwan’s early childhood education. This study represents a pioneering attempt in adopting a target school interview, fuzzy Delphi, and analytic hierarchy process for constructing preschool principal’s curriculum leadership indicators. Fifteen experts and practitioners were involved in the Delphi panel and a two-stage questionnaire survey was administered. The findings revealed that preschool curriculum leadership indicators could be classified as 20 implementation items in six aspects: formation of preschool vision; organization and functioning of the preschool curriculum development team; control of the preschool curriculum implementation process; improvement of teachers’ curriculum professionalism; integration of different educational resources; and assessment of preschool curriculum implementation performance. Analysis of the relative weighting of curriculum leadership indicators reveals that the most important implementation items are “Ability to analyze the preschool’s background and features to provide a basis for development of a curriculum vision,” “Ability to construct a preschool curriculum vision together with other members,” “Ability to call together teachers to jointly establish a curriculum development team,” “Ability to secure resources from inside and outside the school to provide the environment and equipment needed to meet teachers’ curriculum and teaching needs.” These indicators emphasizing organizational cooperation, entrustment, and control under the context of the new leadership in Taiwan are in line with the Western concept of distributed leadership.     

Examining school leadership effects on student achievement: the role of contextual challenges and constraints

The present study examined indirect effects of principal leadership on the mathematics achievement of 254,475 15-year-old students from 10,313 schools in 32 OECD economies. Results showed that the students could be divided into three categories (Disadvantaged, Average, and Privileged) differing in levels of student SES and prior achievement, parental academic expectations, and access to school resources. Results also showed that principal leadership effects accounted for a greater proportion of between-school achievement variance for Disadvantaged vis-à-vis Privileged or Average students. In particular, instructional leadership had the largest positive effect on Disadvantaged vis-à-vis other students’ achievement via the mediating variables of teacher autonomy and morale. Distributed leadership negatively affected the achievement of Disadvantaged but not other students. The negative effects of principal goal-setting were the largest while those of principal problem-solving were the smallest for Disadvantaged students. The study contributes to the literature by examining contextual influences on the leadership–achievement relationship.