为思维而教

一个人能够自由地思维和自主地思想是"何以为人"的基本凭据。思维基于知识,产生于问题,并因为问题而得到持续不断的、深入的发展;思维的最终目的不囿于知识,而在于使问题得以解决,并不断创新和发现。思维既构成着教育,也依赖着教育。作为一种"程序性知识",思维教学是另一种高效而有价值的智育形式。     

论思维创新社会活动发展的基本阶段

人类思维创新的社会活动可分为三个基本阶段即潜思维、趋显思维和显思维。潜思维阶段本质上属于个体的思维创新活动,它具有个体思维的探索性、局部的分散性、隐潜性及其成果的幼稚性。趋显思维阶段则表明个体的思维创新已摆脱了隐潜形态而转向为群体化、社会化状态,同时也是其社会思维场相结构由旧的稳定态走向非稳定态的嬗变生成状态,各种思维主体相互作用、相互抗争、互补交融,它展示了思维创新的无序性、社会化的公开性和竞争激烈性等特征。显思维体现着对前两个阶段思维创新活动的总结、建构与整合的完善化过程,形成了新的社会思维范式及其功能化运动,它展示了新思维的社会有序性、显态性和自觉性等特征。这三个阶段是相互依赖、依次过渡而辩证统一的,是一个不断由低级向高级、由简单向复杂的否定之否定的演化发展过程。     

逻辑悖论与批判性思维

批判性思维既用来指一套可以由逻辑学或类似课程所提供的具体思维技能和方法,也用来指一种思维方式和思维习惯。发现和清理逻辑悖论既需要使用和遵循批判性思维的具体方法,也需要具备批判性思维的方式和习惯。由于逻辑悖论是一种特殊的逻辑矛盾,对它们的清理往往会促成相关理论的重大创新,从而体现批判性思维与创造性思维的关联。解悖式思维是批判性思维的一种极致表现,引导这样一种思维方式既有助于批判性思维技能和方法的训练,也有助于批判性思维方式与人生态度的培育。     

试论超前思维及其价值

思维是人类的本质特征之一。人是通过思维、特别是通过超前思维来认识事物、把握未来、创造历史的。分析超前思维的本质、特征及其价值，从而揭示其理论和实践的指导作用。     

对思想道德素质多维价值的科学理性定位

思想道德素质在人的发展和经济社会建设中具有能动作用和多维价值。其个体价值体现在它对个体发展成长的导向作用和动力支持上;其社会价值主要体现在它的经济价值、政治价值、文化价值以及它在构建和谐社会中的价值等方面。对思想道德素质的多维价值进行理性分析,可为新形势下加强、改进、创新思想政治教育提供理论依据。     

Thinking styles and conceptions of creativity among university students

This research aims to understand university students’ thinking styles and the relationship with their views of creativity. The Thinking Styles Inventory‐Revised II was used to measure 13 thinking styles as defined in Sternberg’s theory of mental self‐government and the Conceptions of Creativity Scales was used to inquire students’ views about the conditions for evaluating creativity from six aspects: intelligence, knowledge, style of thinking, personality, motivation and learning environment. Significant relationships were identified between thinking styles and conceptions of creativity. This research contributes to the understanding about the relationship between conceptions of creativity and thinking styles, and brings insights for educators about educational innovations, as one of the key objectives of educational innovations is to develop creativity of the younger generation.     

Two thinking skills assessment approaches: “Assessment of Pupils’ Thinking Skills” and “Individual Thinking Skills Assessments”

This paper is linked to a previous paper outlining an evaluation of a thinking skills intervention (Burke & Williams, 2008). Following extensive requests for the assessment tools used in the intervention, this short paper presents the development and potential uses of two thinking skills assessment tools. The aim of the paper is simply to make these measures available for other researchers to use, adapt and extend them in future research. The Assessment of Pupils Thinking Skills (APTS) measure is a 14-item measure of a range of thinking skills and metacognition. The assessment can be used to provide a comparative measure across thinking skills or to provide a sum score of thinking skills and raise metacognitive awareness of thinking skills. It can be used to assess thinking skills interventions and to monitor change in thinking skills over time among 9 to 12-year-olds. The Individual Thinking Skills Assessments (ITSA) are six more in-depth measures of specific thinking skills that can be used before, during or after interventions to provide more detailed information on children's individual thinking skills. The APTS and the ITSA can be used separately or in conjunction to assess thinking skills and change in thinking skills among older children.     

论思维创新涵义及系统结构与特性

创新思维是指相对于传统思维而言,一切具有创新性质并有社会价值的思维整体活动过程,并具有积极求异性、主动性、突发性和整体互补性等特性。它作为人类一种高级复杂的思维活动,本质上属于一种系统化过程。它具有心理结构、构成要素结构、思维能力结构和主体结构等多层次的结构;并具有思维活动的动态开放性、主体性、自组织性和和重构性等思维系统运动特性。     

东、西方的文字、思维和世界观

思维是在大脑中进行的一种复杂过程 ,表现于声音就是语言 ,表现于形象就是文字。同一思维可用不同的文字表达 ,例如各国的文字。中文由不变的方块字组成 ,欧洲文字的拼写常由于属性的不同而有变化。欧洲人的世界观正如欧洲文字所体现的十分重视个体的、单元的属性 ,并倾向于对它们之间互动的关系进行分析。中国人的思维则比较重视总体的、综合的方面 ,这正是东方和西方世界观中表现的主要不同之点     

Epistemic Foundation for Teaching Critical Thinking in Group Discussion

I argue for a view of critical thinking and learning as a fallibilistic epistemic process of inquiry and evaluation, which is grounded in human fallibility. I show how this plausible view is different from other views, in that it is predicated not only on individual thinking alone but also on group thinking as it affects the individual in the context of a group discussion. The individualistic rational view of critical thinking only specifies the process or method that one may individually use to evaluate beliefs or the evidence that one brings to bear on one's doxastic attitude or judgment. This view does not specify the nature and scope of evidence that one may need to evaluate. I argue that evaluating a belief in the context of having a substantial amount of available evidence in a social group is important for determining whether one thinks critically. There is epistemic advantage in evaluating a broad scope of available evidence in a group discussion, which does not exist otherwise. I assume that group discussion is a pedagogical tool, which under the right social conditions, is likely to bring about learning and the acquisition of critical thinking abilities. The right social conditions for group discussion can optimize reasonableness by a process which involves cognitive division of labor and epistemic prudence. An individual can evaluate on his or her own only a limited amount of evidence; sometimes we may need to rely on the evidence that others have already evaluated which they may reasonably accept, given their cognitive comparative advantage. I distinguish among three plausible learning outcomes of the process of critical thinking, which indicate cognitive division of labor and comparative epistemic advantage in a group discussion.     

思维风格及其对教育的启示

思维风格是美国心理学家Sternberg提出的一个全新的心理学概念。它是指个体运用能力的偏好。每个人都具有一组较为典型的思维风格。在学校教育中,首先要允许各种思维风格的学生存在,其次,教师要根据学生不同的思维风格,采用与之相适应的教学方法和评价方法,才能使每个学生都能有所发展。     

Evidence of reflective thinking across the curriculum: college experience versus individual courses

This study investigated how individual and course-level variables across the curriculum at a four-year college (college here refers to a higher education institution that offers undergraduate education but not graduate degrees) in the southeastern US impacted student reflective thinking as measured by Kember and colleagues' [2000. Development of a questionnaire to measure the level of reflective thinking. Assessment &; Evaluation in Higher Education, 25(4): 381–395] scale. The measure includes four constructs: (1) non-thinking (i.e., habitual action), (2) understanding, (3) reflection, and the deepest level (4) critical reflection. The construct of understanding – students' assessment of their thoughtful use of knowledge – was the only measure that increased with credit hours completed. Students (n?=?802) reported more thinking to comprehend in science courses compared to business and humanities courses. An interaction of subject areas and gender showed that males reported more reflection in business courses than the humanities or science courses, and females reported the opposite (i.e., more reflection in humanities and science courses and less in business courses). All students, and especially older ones, were more likely to report thinking habits as the result of an overall college experience than from an individual course. A small set (6.23%), however, who did not report reflecting critically as the result of college did indicate that the current course prompted them to do so. Deeper habits of thinking were reported in students who were awarded course credit for participation and for those enrolled in courses taught by more experienced faculty.     

对西安市城镇高中生批判性思维的初步调查

This paper reports the development of critical thinking of urban high school students in the Chinese city of Xi’an. It presents the assessment of the students’ two components of critical thinking: dispositions towards critical thinking and critical thinking skills, using the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory and the California Critical Thinking Skills Test. Results show that the students’ dispositions toward critical thinking are at an average level while their critical thinking skills are very low. This research also shows that there is no significant difference between students from science classes and arts classes in their critical thinking dispositions while science students have a higher level of critical thinking skills. Students from advanced classes have a higher level of the two components of critical thinking than their counterparts from general classes. There are no differences between male students and female students in both components.      

浅谈初中数学解题教学中学生思维品质的培养

在初中数学解题教学中,怎样培养学生的思维品质直接影响着教学的成败。笔者认为,在初中数学解题教学中,除了让学生熟练解题的一般步骤,学会解题的一些通法与利用认知理论做解题后反思外,还应让学生不断感受数学的思维过程,学到思维方法,培养思维品质,从而学会独立探索,有所发现,有所创新,以便更好地掌握和应用知识。思维品质是衡量数学思维质量的指标,它包括思维的广阔性、敏捷性、深刻性、批判性等。     

新工科课程体系中的工程设计思维

工程思维和设计思维是新工科建设活动中的基本思维.通过对人才培养课程体系、专业知识结构体系、专业课程和跨学科课程等新工科建设活动中设计特征分析,提出在新工科课程体系建设中应重视工程思维和设计思维的融合,即"工程设计思维",体现新工科课程体系的创新性、系统性和实践性;在新工科课程教学活动中应重视对学习者工程设计思维的培养,...     

浅谈思维和智慧

人类从古到今都在追问什么是思维,人的智慧来源于哪?笔者分析思维的本质、智慧的起源获取和发展.认为它们之间存有相互促进,相互制约的关系,思维是人类认识自然和理解自身的,智慧是对思维能力或思维效应的认知评价.     

Fostering critical thinking: Features of powerful learning environments

Critical thinking is a recurrent educational ambition. At the same time, it is not self-evident how that ambition can be realised. This is partly due to the different perspectives from which Critical Thinking can be approached. The literature on critical thinking is extensive and diverse, different meanings and aspects of critical thinking have been explored. However, there is agreement among several researchers that critical thinking entails both ability and attitudinal components. Research in psychology on different types of cognitive processing has similarly pointed to the importance of both skills and attitudes. This article builds on a tripartite notion of disposition that has been proposed in the context of education. The tripartite dispositional perspective on which we elaborate highlights the importance of ability, inclination and sensitivity. We describe and discuss an educational protocol aligned with the tripartite conceptualisation of disposition. The protocol identifies characteristics of powerful learning environments. We propose that the proposed educational protocol—aligned to Critical Thinking education goals, conditions and interventions—can be used for fostering critical thinking. More specifically, the use of four types of interventions are recommended: (1) modelling, (2) inducing, (3) declaring and (4) surveillance. Finally, we underscore that there is a need for further research on the use of the educational protocol.     

美国批判性思维运动对大学素质教育的启发

上个世纪发生在美国的批判性思维运动起源于对美国高等教育的反思,催生了一门培养和检测大学生素质的批判性思维课程,并对整个国民教育体系产生了重大影响,使批判性思维素质的培养成为各门学科的教学目标之一,这使美国的大学素质教育落到实处,且有了可以测试的量化指标。这将给我国对大学素质教育的思考提供必要的参照。     

异步在线交流中促进学生批判性思维的提问模型构建

文章基于对Paul批判性思维模型及其在线学习模型的改进,构建了一个用于异步在线交流的提问交互模型,以促进网络社区中学习者批判性思维的发展。该模型在批判性思维教学方面的有效性已经得到初步证实。     

精益思维的优越性与应用前景分析

精益思维不是精益思想的简单思维化。分析精益思维的内涵和优越性,并指出精益思维在改善思维、推进自主创新、实现管理效益最大化等方面有重要的应用意义。精益思维对目前大多数人惯持的传统价值观、思维方式和思维习惯造成强大冲击,具有广阔的应用前景。