Social Information Processing in Aggressive and Depressed Children

Social information processing patterns of children who were identified as being aggressive or depressed, both, or neither were compared in order to address the issue of specificity and to explore whether children who are comorbid show a unique processing style. Subjects were 220 children in the third through sixth grade. Peer nomination and teacher ratings were used to assess level of aggression, and the Children's Depression Inventory was used to measure level of depression. Aggressive children showed a hostile attributional bias, were more likely to report that they would engage in aggressive behavior, and indicated that aggression would be easy for them. Depressed children similarly showed a hostile attributional bias, although they were more likely to attribute negative situations to internal, stable, and global causes. Depressed children also reported that they would be less likely to use assertive responses and that they expected that assertive behavior would lead to more negative and fewer positive outcomes. Children who were comorbid generally showed patterns similar to both aggressive and depressed children.     

身体攻击幼儿和关系攻击幼儿的社会信息加工特点

本研究基于社会信息加工模型理论,运用问卷调查和个别访谈技术,对幼儿攻击行为的一般特征及其社会信息加工过程进行研究,以探讨身体攻击幼儿和关系攻击幼儿的社会信息加工特点。研究表明,3～6岁幼儿的攻击行为存在显著的性别差异,男孩的攻击行为多于女孩。身体攻击幼儿和关系攻击幼儿存在一定程度的社会信息加工缺陷。     

The Facilitation of Information Processing in Learning Disabled Children Using Computer Games

Abstract The aim of the study was to improve the information processing and concentration skills of learning disabled (LD) children by using computer games in a procedure that enhances self‐verbalisation and mediated learning. Of the 21 LD children who participated in the study, 14 were trained in the specific procedure, while at the same time the seven children in the control group participated in regular tutorial activities in small groups. Subsequently, in the second training period, the control group was instructed to play commercial strategic games, with no stress on self‐verbalisation procedures and the experimental group participated in regular classroom tutorial activities, without computers. The following measures were used to assess the effect of the training: MFFT, Progressive Matrices and three subtests of the WISC‐R. The results demonstrated that the computer games presented within the framework of self‐verbalisation procedures and peer‐interaction facilitate the information processing of LD children. The interactions of passive and impulsive LD children with computer‐related activities should be examined in future research within the context of their ecological environment.     

How Visual Displays Affect Cognitive Processing

We regularly consult and construct visual displays that are intended to communicate important information. The power of these displays and the instructional messages we attempt to comprehend when using them emerge from the information included in the display and by their spatial arrangement. In this article, we identify common types of visual displays and the kinds of inferences that each type of display is designed to promote. In particular, we outline different types of semantic and pictorial displays. Then, we describe four main ways in which visual displays can affect cognitive processing including selection, organization, integration, and processing efficiency and how semantic and pictorial displays support these types of processing. We conclude with seven recommendations for designing visual displays and possible directions for future research.     

信息不对称对图书馆信息服务的影响

信息不对称存在于图书馆信息服务的许多方面,本文应用信息经济学的信息不对称理论,剖析了图书馆信息服务过程中信息不对称的表现、成因及带来的许多负面影响,并提出了消除信息不对称的若干对策.     

Global-Local Processing in Preschool Children

The tendency of young children to attend to global and/or local levels of hierarchically structured patterns was examined using an orientation judgment task. 3- and 4-year-old children and adults were asked to judge which way an equilateral triangle was pointing under different contextual conditions. In Experiment 1, contextual variations included overall pattern orientation, configuration alignment type, presence or absence of an immediate frame of reference, and type of local element context. The results showed that, contrary to previous reports in the literature, young children, like adults, attend to both global and local levels of a pattern. Both pattern orientation and the introduction of contextual cues affected children's judgments, and the magnitude of that effect varied with the particular contextual cue present in the stimulus array. In Experiment 2, contextual variations included overall pattern orientation and presence or absence of an internal local level element. Consistent with the results of Experiment 1, young children's orientation judgements were influenced by the addition of local level factors.     

学习不良儿童信息加工特点和影响因素研究

根据学习不良儿童筛选标准 ,采用认知研究范式 ,运用自然实验法和教育实验法 ,以及量表法和访谈法等 ,对 1 2 2名学习不良儿童信息加工特点和影响因素进行了实证研究 ,同时通过个案研究和调查研究进行了定性分析。研究结果表明 ,学习不良儿童属于异质群体 ,其实质在于信息加工存在缺陷 ,且可以从一般信息加工或基本心理过程障碍和社会信息加工过程障碍 ,来研究其学业和社会性困难的心理机制。这可以为制定科学的学习不良儿童干预和矫治方案提供心理学依据。     

On the Relation between Social Information Processing and Socially Competent Behavior in Early School-Aged Children

This article tested the hypotheses that (1) children's behavioral competence is a function of patterns of social information processing; (2) processing correlates of behavior occur at each of 5 steps of processing within each of 3 social situations; (3) measures at each step uniquely increment each other in predicting behavior; (4) the relation between processing and behavior is stronger within than across domains; and (5) processing patterns are more sophisticated among older than younger children and the processing-behavior relation is stronger among older than younger children. Videorecorded stimuli were used to assess processing patterns (encoding, interpretational errors and bias, response generation, response evaluation, and enactment skill) in 3 domains (peer group entry, response to provocation, and response to authority directive) in 259 first-, second-, and third-grade boys and girls (ages 6–9 years). Ratings of behavioral competence in each domain were made by peers and teachers. Findings generally supported hypotheses, with the magnitude of relations being modest.     

媒介技术变迁对儿童同伴关系的影响

媒介技术变迁为儿童的同伴关系重新设定框架。在印刷术大量应用前,儿童间同质性较高。印刷术的发明使得大规模公共教育成为可能,在学校里儿童获得了在各种规则下与同伴相处的能力,形成了新的互动惯习。电视的出现既导致儿童同伴关系的相对疏离,又促进了儿童同伴亚文化的形成。网络为儿童提供了获取同伴关系的新型方式,扩充了儿童与同伴的交流模式。手机的技术特征使得儿童在同伴关系中"永远在线",扩大了儿童的私人空间。     

Family Influences on Adaptive Development in Young Children with Down Syndrome

In this study we investigated the extent to which the family environment predicted differences in trajectories of adaptive development in young children with Down syndrome. The sample was comprised of 54 children with Down syndrome and their families who were studied from infancy through the age of 5 years as part of a longitudinal study of children with disabilities. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to estimate the parameters of hierarchical growth models in domains of adaptive development. Results indicated that growth in communication, daily living skills, and socialization domains were predicted by measures of the family environment (i.e., family cohesion and mother-child interaction) above and beyond that predicted by maternal education. Further, Bayley MDI measures during infancy did not predict changes in adaptive development in any of the domains. The results are discussed in terms of implications for service provision and for expanding theoretical frameworks to include the development of children with disabilities.     

Cognitive-Motivational Influences on the Task-Related Help-Seeking Behavior of Black Children

The present study examined the relation between children's mastery motivation, self-assessment of performance, and task-related help-seeking behavior during task performance. Average-achieving black American children, varying in mastery motivation as measured by subscales of the Harter's Intrinsic-Extrinsic Orientation in the Classroom Scale, performed a multitrial verbal task and were given the opportunity to seek help on each trial after making a tentative response and assessing their performance by rating their confidence in the correctness of the response. A response-contingent payoff system was implemented to encourage children to restrict their help seeking to those instances in which they perceived that they could not make a correct response without assistance. As predicted, children's self-assessments of performance, regardless of their accuracy, appeared to influence help seeking more than the actual performance outcomes. Neither children's self-assessments of performance nor their overall rate of help seeking varied with level of measured mastery motivation. However, the type of help sought varied as expected with mastery motivation. Children characterized by high intrinsic orientations toward independent mastery in academic achievement contexts sought indirect help (i.e., hints) more often than they sought direct help (i.e., answers), whereas children characterized by low intrinsic orientations toward independent mastery showed no preference. These differences in motivational orientation influenced requests for help only when children perceived their initial solutions to be incorrect. These findings are discussed in the context of the analyses of help seeking as an instrumental learning and achievement strategy. The implications of the findings for analyses of black children's achievement styles are highlighted.     

友谊对儿童和青少年社会性发展的影响

友谊影响儿童和青少年社会性发展的许多方面。对友谊重要性的研究从是否拥有朋友一个维度扩展到多个维度,包括儿童和青少年是否拥有朋友,朋友的特征以及友谊的质量等。从友谊与自我、友谊与适应、友谊与社会行为、友谊与情绪调节、友谊与合作性任务、友谊与社会技能六个方面探讨友谊对儿童和青少年社会性发展的影响。     

数学信息处理的批判性意识的调查与思考

长期以来,数学问题成题的信息处理任务均由教师来完成,所给的数学问题条件不多也不少,并且要求答案要确定甚至唯一的现象几乎天天见,造成了学生数学信息处理的批判性意识的欠缺.面对多余信息,高中生反而比初中生更容易受干扰,而对大学生影响不大;面对冲突信息,所有学生的批判性都很薄弱,大学生最薄弱;面对隐含信息,大学生挖掘信息的能力比初中生好很多,但他们判断问题的正确性却很低;面对数学与生活的综合信息的整合,大学生好于中学生,高中生明显好于初中生.因此,我们可以(1)适度让学生见识错题;(2)增加数学建模活动的频率;(3)适度开放数学问题;(4)结合其它学科综合出题.     

基于Agent的信息处理方法浅析

本文提出了一个基于Agent技术的网络信息处理的解决方案———UAS(User Agent System)系统,UAS基于多A-gent体系结构,其体系结构内各个Agent可以分布在网络的多个计算机节点上运行。     

我国流动儿童信息网络的构想

我国流动儿童不仅要“进得来”,而且要“学得好”,为此,可以借鉴美国的作法,设计和实施流动儿童信息传递系统,为保障流动儿童“进得来”、“学得好”提供基础和前提。     

刻板印象信息加工过程研究进展

刻板印象信息的具体加工过程尚无定论,研究者已经提出了三种不同理论来解释之。文中阐述了用以解释刻板印象信息加工过程的三种理论：序列加工理论、平行加工理论以及基于目标决定的刻板印象加工理论。最后提出认知神经技术可能解决这一争论,并着重阐述了认知神经技术在刻板印象加工领域的应用成果且展望了今后的研究趋势。     

弱智儿童语义加工的研究综述

有关弱智儿童语义加工的问题 ,国外学者进行了诸多方面的研究。该文就弱智儿童词的语义加工以及句子的语义加工等两方面对已有的研究做一综述。     

信息技术对高校档案工作管理的影响

分析了网络给高校档案工作带来的机遇,论述了利用网络使档案管理工作上新台阶的途径和方法。     

信息污染对德育教育的影响及对策

现今社会各类信息污染问题日益严重,而大学生生理与心理发育均不健全,且正处于自主接收各类信息的高峰期,他们的道德认识和判断标准极易受到不良信息的影响,特别在行为模式、道德观念、心理健康、价值取向等方面,这些消极影响对高校德育工作的开展带来了严峻的考验。如何正确引导,提高学生自身素质,树立良好的道德标准,对学生将来长期稳定全面发展有极其重要的意义。