蜜蜂（Apis）线粒体DNA（mtDNA）研究进展

综述蜜蜂线粒体DNA(mtDNA）的结构及其多态性在进化、分类、群体遗传结构和非洲化蜜蜂研究上的应用，蜜蜂mtDNA是一个裸露的闭合双链环状分子，长度在16，300-17，000bp之间，其中AT含量约占85%,线粒体基因组含有13个编码蛋白质的基因，22个tRNA左因，2个编码rRNA亚基基因和两个非编码区域，部分基因有重叠现象，根据mtRNA限制位点的多态性，可推断出四个蜜蜂的系统分化图为:Florea(dorsata (cerena,mellifera）；而西方蜜蜂在进行过程中形成三大分支：西欧型（M）、东欧型（C）、非洲型（A）、mtDNA多态性也是研究蜜蜂群体遗传结构和非洲化形成、扩散机制的有力工具。     

线粒体DNA标记技术及其在蛛形学研究中的应用

综述线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的特征、线粒体基因组遗传特性认识的改进和mtDNA分子标记技术在蛛形学研究中的应用;并探讨了线粒体DNA标记技术在蜘蛛分子系统学研究和基因组分析中的广泛应用前景.     

线粒体DNA突变与疾病

介绍了线粒体DNA的遗传学特性,试从分子水平上探讨mtDNA突变发生情况,阐明mtDNA的突变与线粒体病和衰老的关系,简要说明了人类mtDNA突变的类型和相应的线粒体病的特点.     

哺乳动物细胞线粒体基因组的转录及调控机制研究进展

目的：系统的归纳和总结近年来哺乳动物线粒体基因组转录及调控机制研究的进展,以期为哺乳动物和人类线粒体疾病及相关医学领域的研究提供参考依据。方法：从哺乳动物线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的结构和转录过程,转录基本元件和转录机制等方面,检索和整理近年来关于哺乳动物细胞线粒体基因组的转录及调控机制的文献并进行总结。结果：线粒体是哺乳动物细胞中普遍存在的具有独立基因组的半自主性细胞器,其主要功能是通过氧化磷酸化为细胞提供ATP,同时对于物质代谢、细胞周期调控、细胞分化和凋亡、细胞信号传递等生理过程发挥着重要作用。近年来对线粒体基因组的转录及其调控机制的研究已取得了一些突破和成果。结论：哺乳动物线粒体基因组的转录与调控机制的研究不仅有助于深入阐明和理解线粒体基因组的表达调控机制,而且也助于揭示临床线粒体病的发病机制。     

人类的线粒体疾病

针对人类的线粒体疾病,阐述人类线粒体mtDNA的结构特点、线粒体疾病的定义及其遗传学特点;线粒体疾病的病因和发病几率以及常见的人类线粒体疾病;介绍了现已掌握的线粒体疾病的治疗方法,展望了线粒体疾病的未来研究方向。     

无尾目动物线粒体基因组结构研究最新进展

脊椎动物线粒体DNA(mtDNA)是一个长度约为15-22kb环形结构.mtDNA呈母系遗传,在大部分的脊椎动物中具有相对保守性.但是在两栖纲无尾目动物中,线粒体基因组的基因排列顺序却存在很大变异,这种基因重排现象可以用TDRL模型来解释.本文综述了今年来在无尾目线粒体基因组结构的研究成果,分析了蛙类mtDNA基因重排多样性,结果发现无尾目动物共有8类不同的线粒体基因排列方式,并初步分析了这些不同基因结构的关系.     

线粒体DNA和动物起源分化

线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA，mtDNA）是高等动物唯一的核外遗传物质。自从1963年Nass通过电镜发现之后，人们对mtDNA的结构、遗传特征及基因表达和调控作了大量研究工作，积累了丰富的资料。目前已成为研究动物起源进化及群体遗传分化的理想研究对象。     

大蹼铃蟾的线粒体基因组D—loop区序列分析

脊椎动物的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）是一段长度约为15—22Kb的环形片段,具有相对的保守性。D-loop区是线粒体基因组中的非编码区域的一部分,具有控制和调节的功能。本文采用LA—PCR和生物信息学的方法,研究了大蹼铃蟾的线粒体基因组D-loop区序列,其D-loop区具有三个保守序列（CSB-1,CSB-2 and CSB-3）,在5、和3、端还有独特的串联重复序列。通过分析总结其串联重复序列的特征和规律,有助于研究蛙科动物线粒体基因组进化机制。     

鸟类mtDNA中cytb基因及在系统进化研究中的应用

本文着重介绍了鸟类mtDNA中cytb基因的结构、功能、特点及其在鸟类系统进化研究领域中的主要应用。     

线粒体基因突变糖尿病的临床研究进展

线粒体基因突变糖尿病的发现是近年来糖尿病分子遗传学研究的重要进展之一,也是近年来糖尿病研究的一大热点。线粒体tRNA^leu（uuR）A3243G突变导致胰岛B细胞功能缺陷,进而导致线粒体糖尿病的发生。WHO已将此型糖尿病归类为特殊类型糖尿病。综述此型糖尿病的临床表现及其分子诊断学方法和临床研究进展。     

Up-regulation of mitochondrial antioxidation signals in ovarian cancer cells with aggressive biologic behavior

Objective  

Recently, a high frequency of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been detected in ovarian cancer. To explore the alterations of proteins in mitochondria in ovarian cancer, a pair of human ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV3/SKOV3.ip1) with different metastatic potentials was examined.     

Mitochondrial functions on oocytes and preimplantation embryos

Oocyte quality has long been considered as a main limiting factor for in vitro fertilization (IVF). In the past decade,extensive observations demonstrated that the mitochondrion plays a vital role in the oocyte cytoplasm, for it can provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for fertilization and preimplantation embryo development and also act as stores of intracellular calcium and proapoptotic factors. During the oocyte maturation, mitochondria are characterized by distinct changes of their distribution pattern from being homogeneous to heterogeneous, which is correlated with the cumulus apoptosis. Oocyte quality decreases with the increasing maternal age. Recent studies have shown that low quality oocytes have some age-related dysfunctions, which include the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increase of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damages, chromosomal aneuploidies,the incidence of apoptosis, and changes in mitochondrial gene expression. All these dysfunctions may cause a high level of developmental retardation and arrest of preimplantation embryos. It has been suggested that these mitochondrial changes may arise from excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is closely associated with the oxidative energy production or calcium overload,which may trigger permeability transition pore opening and subsequent apoptosis. Therefore, mitochondria can be seen as signs for oocyte quality evaluation, and it is possible that the oocyte quality can be improved by enhancing the physical function of mitochondria. Here we reviewed recent advances in mitochondrial functions on oocytes.     

Influence of green tea polyphenols on mitochondrial permeability transition pore and Ca2+ transport

The authors investigated the influence of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) on the liver mitochondria permeability transition pore (PTP) opening through mitochondria swelling and change of mitochondria membrane potential. The data showed that GTPs had obvious protective effect on the Ca²⁺-induced PTP opening in a dose-dependent manner detected by mitochondria swelling. The results were obtained by measuring the change of mitochondria membrane potential through Rh 123. Further experiments were conducted to examine the detailed influence of GTPs on Ca²⁺ import and export of mitochondria. The results showed that GTPs had remarkably inhibitory effect on the Ca²⁺-induced Ca²⁺ import in mitochondria; and that they could accelerate Ca²⁺-release from mitochondria. Our data provide an alternate interpretation of the potent protective function of GTPs on cell against apoptosis.     

Influence of green tea polyphenols on mitochondrial permeabi lity transition pore and Ca2+ transport

The authors investigated the influence of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) on the liver mitochondria permeability transition pore (PTP) opening through mit ochondria swelling and change of mitochondria membrane potential. The data showe d that GTPs had obvious protective effect on the Ca2+-induced PTP opening in a d ose-dependent manner detected by mitochondria swelling. The results were obtain ed by measuring the change of mitochondria membrane potential through Rh 123. Further experiments were conducted to examine the detailed influence of GTP s on Ca2+import and export of mitochondria. The results showed that GTPs h ad rem arkably inhibitory effect on the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ import in mitoch ondria; and t hat they could accelerate Ca2+-release from mitochondria. Our data provid e an al ternate interpretation of the potent protective function of GTPs on cell against apoptosis.     

基于RT-HPLC的古代mtDNA序列差异性分析

线粒体DNA具有突变速度快、重组率低、严格母系遗传、拷贝数多等特点,近年来成为分子考古研究中的一个热点。为了研究古墓群中的血亲关系,可以从古墓葬遗留骨骸、牙齿中提取和扩增mtDNA片断进行分析。通过设计2对部分重叠的引物,扩增线粒体16055-16218区域目标片段,进行反相高效液相色谱分析,确认四个样品对应片断在反相柱上的保留时间上存在差异,以此推断扩增片段在序列上可能存在差异。为利用mtDNA分析人类母系血缘关系奠定了基础。