Moral foundations theory and moral development and education

This article reviews studies examining the effect of professional education on ethical development. Most studies limit assessment to the measurement of moral judgement, observing that moral judgement plateaus during professional school unless an ethics intervention is present. Whereas interventions influence the shift to postconventional reasoning (the DIT P score), a more illuminating picture of change may emerge if researchers examined DIT profiles. More importantly, limiting assessment to measures of moral judgement ignores important aspects of moral functioning suggested by the Four Component Model. Assessment methods have been validated for sensitivity, reasoning, role concept and ethical implementation that could be adapted to provide individuals in a particular profession with a more complete picture of abilities needed for real-life professional practice.     

The defining issues test and the four component model: contributions to professional education

This article reviews studies examining the effect of professional education on ethical development. Most studies limit assessment to the measurement of moral judgement, observing that moral judgement plateaus during professional school unless an ethics intervention is present. Whereas interventions influence the shift to postconventional reasoning (the DIT P score), a more illuminating picture of change may emerge if researchers examined DIT profiles. More importantly, limiting assessment to measures of moral judgement ignores important aspects of moral functioning suggested by the Four Components Model. Assessment methods have been validated for sensitivity, role concept and ethical implementation that could be adapted to provide individuals in a particular profession with a more complete picture of abilities needed for real-life professional practice.     

教学优良道德的概念与价值辨析

教学的道德性可以看做是教学的一种特殊价值特性和一项特殊的价值诉求,它与教学的科学性、艺术性、审美性、人文性等一起,共同构成了现代教学的基本价值诉求,并且与它们处于同样重要的地位。在现代伦理学与现代教学双重视域下研究教学优良道德问题势在必行。教学优良道德考察的是教学活动本身所蕴涵与应追求的道德理想与伦理使命问题,只有对教学活动的道德终极目标认识正确,教学行为价值符合教学道德终极目标,并且制定的教学道德规范、优良,才是真正的教学优良道德。教学优良道德概念的提出,在实践层面,为我们树立了一个真正看得见、摸得着的教学道德理想与目标;在理论层面,有利于教学道德问题研究的继续深化。教学优良道德的制定、确证及其实现,将成为新时期教学道德研究不可推卸的使命。     

The Poverty of Empirical Research in Moral Education: Beyond John Wilson

Abstract

Goodlad and colleagues argue that teacher education curricula do not include rigorous discourse about the moral dimensions of teaching. This paper offers guidance for developing such curricula drawn from the author's experience devising and implementing a professional ethics curriculum for dentistry. Grounded in Rest's Four Component Model of Morality, the curriculum includes methods and measures for assessing (1) ethical sensitivity; (2) moral reasoning and judgement; (3) moral motivation and commitment; and (4) moral implementation outcomes as well as instructional strategies to facilitate their development. Evidence drawn from the extensive literature on the psychology of morality, and from outcome studies of the effectiveness of the dental ethics curriculum, illustrate that a curriculum of rather modest duration can influence ethical development in measurable ways.     

自我统整的高校教师师德养成原理与实践路径

师德是教师素养的核心,同时也是新时代教师队伍建设的首要任务。教师的自我统整理论能够对师德研究提供有益的启示,对分析高校教师师德的养成原理及实践路径具有良好的价值潜能。基于自我统整的理论,高校教师师德的形成实际上是教师对自我层面、职业层面和环境层面的道德矛盾和分裂统整的结果。而要促进教师师德的养成,在具体的实践路径方面需要做好四个方面的“强化统筹”,即“强化德性伦理和制度伦理的统筹,促进内在需求与外在要求的融合;强化教师‘重要他人’关系的统筹,以‘共同体’确保教师地位的平等性;强化理想角色与现实生活的统筹,允许教师接纳表达真实自我;强化道德认知与道德实践的统筹,鼓励构建‘知行合一’的师德信念”,由此,教师才能够形成清晰稳定的道德自我。     

西方教学伦理研究的路向与问题

教学专业化的努力,以及有效教学实践范式之弊端的不断凸显,推动了教学伦理研究的发展。相关文献回顾表明,教学内在的道德本质与其作为专业所需满足的外在标准,为教学的伦理特性提供了辩护。作为哲学—规范探究的补充,实证研究深化了我们对教师伦理实践复杂性的理解。当前,有待思考的问题是如何寻求有效教学与合伦理教学的平衡,及如何拓宽实证研究论域,并将相关发现更好地纳入哲学—规范探究的话语体系之中。     

Case-based Approaches to Professional Ethics: A systematic comparison of students' and ethicists' moral reasoning

This article provides a systematic analysis of the cognitive processes required for acquiring skill in practical ethical reasoning in a professional domain. We undertook this NSF-supported research project in part to study relationships between case-based instruction in professional ethics and cognitive analyses of ethical reasoning strategies. Using a web-based experimental design, we report striking differences in the students' and ethicists' use of knowledge and reasoning. Virtually all of the ethicists and some students' protocols made significant use of specialized professional knowledge and also used role-specific content in the ethical principles applied in their responses. In contrast, other student protocols made significantly more use of common knowledge and applied more general ethical principles or appealed to consequences in the justification of their responses. Our analyses show how certain strategies were superior to others in regard to identifying alternative moral issues, assessing the moral implications of actions, and providing alternative practical resolutions to conflicts. The findings point to the importance of professional knowledge and role-specific professional obligations in resolving professional ethical conflicts: the same knowledge and "middle-level" principles necessary to comprehend and apply professional codes of ethics.     

“Intermediate” Concepts and the Connection to Moral Education

This paper provides a brief overview of Rest's (1983) conception of the important processes that contribute to effective moral decision making, summarizes efforts to design and assess moral education programs based on Rest's Four-Component Model, and describes new directions in the assessment of moral judgment development that are specifically directed toward professional ethics education. Based on preliminary studies, we recommend that, in addition to measuring each of the processes in Rest's model, educators design profession-specific measures of moral concepts that better reflect the content of professional ethics education. Labeled intermediate concepts measures, these assessments attend to concepts that are more specific than the abstract moral schemas tested by Kohlbergian measures of moral judgment and more general than concrete codes of professional ethics.     

Our teachers want to be the best: on the necessity of intra‐professional reflection about moral ideals of teaching

Teaching is a significant social good and therefore teachers as well as the state have to take responsibility for guarding the moral quality of the teaching practice. Based on this premise, the article describes and defends the view that these parties have their own particular role by means of literature review and theoretical and practical arguments.

The role of the state is necessarily limited to defining minimal moral rules and obligations, because in liberal Western democracies morality is codified in law to a minimal degree. The state also has practical reasons for such a confined position, among which are the complexities of professional practice and its implied tacit knowledge.

Teachers have to take responsibility for constructing the full width of professional morality, but particularly for defining its optimal or aspirational dimension. This dimension comprises the virtues deemed important for teachers as well as their professional ideals. Whereas the literature on professional ethics of teachers is relatively silent about professional ideals, several arguments are provided for the importance of ideals for teachers.

The final part of the article defends the claim that teachers have to articulate their professional ideals through intra‐professional dialogue. Again, theoretical and practical arguments are provided, for instance that such a debate provokes teachers to think about the best aims and means of their profession and that it contributes to the sense and meaning of their work. The article ends with some practical implications of the theoretical exposé.     

The Virtuous,Wise, and Knowledgeable Teacher: Living the Good Life as a Professional Practitioner

In this essay, Elizabeth Campbell reviews three recent books that address the ethical nature of professional practice: Knowledge and Virtue in Teaching and Learning: The Primacy of Dispositions, by Hugh Sockett; The Good Life of Teaching: An Ethics of Professional Practice, by Chris Higgins; and Towards Professional Wisdom: Practical Deliberation in the People Professions, edited by Liz Bondi, David Carr, Chris Clark, and Cecelia Clegg. While the first two books are situated within the context of teaching and education, the third book, as an edited volume, contains chapters that represent a multidisciplinary perspective on the work of professionals within nursing, social work, counseling, and the ministry, as well as in teaching. Each of the books engages in the careful inquiry into philosophy broadly and educational philosophy specifically from conceptual frameworks widely associated with Aristotelian virtue ethics. Writing from an applied perspective on the field of scholarship relating to the moral and ethical dimensions of teaching, Campbell applauds the books for their timely reminder of the central role or persona of the individual professional as a moral agent and ethical practitioner. She argues that within the contemporary context of teacher education, which tends either to neglect or narrowly define the ethics of the profession, such an emphasis on the cultivation of personal character and responsibility within a framework of clear ethical dispositions or virtues is a welcome contribution to the field. It enables teachers, teacher educators, and student teachers to concentrate on both the ethics of practice and the practice of ethics in the ongoing quest to further their own development of virtue, practical wisdom, and personal and professional knowledge.     

关于会计职业道德教育探讨

会计职业道德教育是会计教学的重要组成部分,它同会计专业教育一起构成了完整的会计教学内容体系,两者相互渗透、不可分割。本文就当前会计教学中会计职业道德教育的现状展开论述,并在此基础上提出加强会计职业道德教育的内容和方法。     

新时期人民教师师德的内涵和特质

师德,作为一种职业道德,既有一般职业道德的共性,如爱岗敬业、忠于职守等,又有其特殊性,如爱教爱校爱生,勤学勤教勤研,教书育人、管理育人、服务育人,甘为人梯等。在当前,明确新时期师德的内涵和特质,对于广大教师坚定职业理想,加强师德修养,树立甘为人梯、乐于奉献的道德情操,静心教书,潜心育人,为人民教育事业做出更大贡献具有重要意义。     

当代大学生的思想道德倾向调查分析

社会转型期间,当代大学生的思想道德倾向是对时代特质的折射和反映。通过理论研究与实证分析相结合,从传统道德与人生价值、集体主义与社会生活、学习观念与职业道德、金钱观念与网络道德等方面,对当代大学生的思想道德倾向进行调查分析,旨在深化相关研究并指导实践开展,为有针对性地进行大学生思想道德教育提供依据和方向。研究表明,当代大学生的道德评价标准日益模糊,非道德主义有抬头之势,且出现了信仰冲突或危机。     

The Aims and Practice of Ethics Education in an Undergraduate Curriculum: Reasons for choosing a skills approach

In 1998 the author, working in the University of Glasgow Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences with European Commission funding, set out to design an integrated ethics approach in the undergraduate curriculum. This paper describes the choices made in relation to the aims and methods of teaching ethics in an undergraduate bioscience curriculum. The acceptable and reasonable aims for a ethics teaching are skills based: ethical sensitivity and moral reasoning. Behaviour/value and virtue/character approaches are rejected. An ideal ethics intervention would last 4-12 weeks and be based on studentcentred teaching methods involving student participation in ethical dilemmas.     

小学教师职业道德失范问题与思考

通过对小学教师课堂行为的观察,发现在课堂中教师道德失范情况普遍,在对教师失范行为后果进行分析后发现,教师的道德失范严重地阻碍了学生在人格品性诸方面的发展。关注学生人格养成,需从教师职业道德谈起。     

论路易斯·爱尔文·戴伊的媒介伦理观——翻译《媒介传播伦理》札记

在将戴伊教授的《媒介传播伦理——案例与争论》翻译成中文的过程中,笔者较深刻领会了一些他的媒介伦理思想。因此笔者从六个方面简单介绍戴伊的媒介伦理观:媒介道德的主体,德性论倾向,伦理两难境地,对义务的划分,传播行为道德价值的评价机制,SDA道德推理公式。在此基础上谈了戴伊的学术成果对中国媒介伦理研究的启示。     

Living drawing: Aesthetic teaching for moral artists

With its inherent attributes such as qualitative immediacy, imaginativeness, and embodiment, John Dewey’s concept of aesthetic experience makes a difference in moral education, in the ways of empathetic moral perception, moral reasoning, and moral action. If it matters then how can we help students gain aesthetic experience? By analyzing teacher Ho-Chul Lee’s approach to teaching drawing, called living drawing, this question is examined in terms of aesthetic style of teacher and teaching, and the aesthetic educational environment. This article will provide insights into how living drawing as an approach promotes aesthetic experiences and how it influences students’ moral experiences.     

教师德性的理性思考

教师德性和教师道德是两个不同的概念,教师德性是个人道德和高标准道德,教师道德是团体道德和底线道德。教师德性不是作为教师基本的行业规范,它是在遵守教师道德规范基础上的更高的道德要求。从教师的职业性质来看,它的核心内容就是教师关怀、教师宽容和教师良心。     

A research on the professional moral conducts of teachers in China

Developing a professional ethics is crucial towards amassing the ranks of high-quality teachers, which contributes to the improvement of national education. This study bases its analysis on the survey of humanistic qualities of Chinese citizens. 3348 teachers at three different levels from 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of China are investigated into their professional moral conducts in terms of sense of responsibility and initiative. The result shows that the professional moral levels differ distinctly among teachers from universities, junior or senior high schools and primary schools. The results suggest that professional ethics is vulnerable to external factors. It is essential for the construction of teachers’ professional ethics to improve their moral culture. Translated from Shanghai Jiaoyu Keyan 上海教育科研 (Shanghai Research on Education), 2006, (4): 4–6     

职校会计教学中渗透职业道德教育的策略

从当前会计教学中专业教育与职业道德教育相分离的现状、职业道德教育的迫切性、学校会计职业道德教育的着力点、会计职业道德教育的途径和方法等几方面探讨学校会计教学中应渗透职业道德教育。