创业生态系统中的政府治理：新创企业成长视角

政府参与和市场调节相结合是现代经济社会的现实选择，政府参与并因情施策对于创业生态系统的健康发展和新创企业的成长至关重要。本文以杭州梦想小镇为例，运用治理理论，采用叙事分析法研究了政府在加速新创企业成长期间所扮演角色的动态演化和作用机理。研究显示：政府作为创业生态系统的主体之一，通过其代理机构的市场化的运作机制，经历了混合型、渐变式的动态演化过程，具体包括孵化期的科层治理、成长期的网络治理和腾飞期的市场治理，由此形成了“政府引导+市场主导”的双重、渐变治理机制，助力新创企业的成长。同时，政府在加速新创企业成长中所起到的作用呈现了多元性和不可或缺性。     

Reprint of “The Startup Cartography Project: Measuring and mapping entrepreneurial ecosystems”

This paper presents the Startup Cartography Project (SCP), which offers a new set of entrepreneurial ecosystem statistics for the United States from 1988 to 2016. The SCP combines state-level business registration records with a predictive analytics approach to estimate the probability of “extreme” growth (IPO or high-value acquisition) at or near the time of founding for the population of newly-registered firms. The results highlight the ability of predictive analytics to identify high-potential start-ups at founding (using a variety of different approaches and measures). The SCP then leverages estimates of entrepreneurial quality to develop four entrepreneurial ecosystem statistics, including the rate of start-up formation, average entrepreneurial quality, the quality-adjusted quantity of entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial ecosystem performance associated with a given start-up “cohort.” These statistics offer sharp insight into patterns of regional entrepreneurship, the correlation of quality (but not quantity) with subsequent regional economic growth and the evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems over time. The SCP includes both a public-access dataset at the state, MSA, county, and zip code level, as well as an interactive map, the U.S. Startup Map, that allows academic and policy users to assess entrepreneurial ecosystems at an arbitrary level of granularity (from the level of states down to individual street addresses). The SCP and accompanying datasets may be found at: https://www.startupcartography.com/.     

The Startup Cartography Project: Measuring and mapping entrepreneurial ecosystems

This paper presents the Startup Cartography Project (SCP), which offers a new set of entrepreneurial ecosystem statistics for the United States from 1988 to 2016.  The SCP combines state-level business registration records with a predictive analytics approach to estimate the probability of “extreme” growth (IPO or high-value acquisition) at or near the time of founding for the population of newly-registered firms.  The results highlight the ability of predictive analytics to identify high-potential start-ups at founding (using a variety of different approaches and measures). The SCP then leverages estimates of entrepreneurial quality to develop four entrepreneurial ecosystem statistics, including the rate of start-up formation, average entrepreneurial quality, the quality-adjusted quantity of entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial ecosystem performance associated with a given start-up “cohort.” These statistics offer sharp insight into patterns of regional entrepreneurship, the correlation of quality (but not quantity) with subsequent regional economic growth and the evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems over time.  The SCP includes both a public-access dataset at the state, MSA, county, and zip code level, as well as an interactive map, the U.S. Startup Map, that allows academic and policy users to assess entrepreneurial ecosystems at an arbitrary level of granularity (from the level of states down to individual street addresses). The SCP and accompanying datasets may be found at: https://www.startupcartography.com/.     

新创企业资源整合过程模型

从创业资源入手，对新创企业关键资源进行了系统的分类，并在总结前人有关研究的基础上，重新构建了新创企业资源整合过程模型，从资源管理的角度对新创企业资源识别、资源获取和资源开发过程进行了分析，强调了新创企业资源整合过程模型的动态性，并在此基础上进一步提出了未来的研究方向。     

创业生态系统下新创企业的网络关系特性

创业生态系统下新创企业与其他主体间建立的网络关系,能够帮助其获取关键资源、开发创业机会,支持并推动其生存和发展。然而,现有研究主要采用一般创业网络关系特性衡量创业生态系统下新创企业的网络关系,忽视了其具有的独特性以及在创业活动中发挥的重要作用。因此,本研究在文献梳理的基础上对定性访谈材料进行编码分析,深入探析创业生态系统下新创企业的网络关系特性内涵和维度,依据规范的开发程序编制初始测量量表,对问卷调查所获得326份有效问卷进行探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析以及信效度检验。研究结果表明,创业生态系统下新创企业的网络关系具有异质性、多重性和变化性,最终形成的测量量表具有较强的稳定性和可靠性,为未来研究奠定理论基础并提供相应测量工具。     

Open creative labs as functional infrastructure for entrepreneurial ecosystems: Using sequence analysis to explore tempo-spatial trajectories of startups in Berlin

By analyzing the tempo-spatial trajectories of startups, this paper proposes a new method to benchmark functions in entrepreneurial ecosystems based on longitudinal data. To demonstrate this novel method, a regional case study of the ecosystem infrastructure in Berlin is considered, for which tempo-spatial trajectories of startups are analyzed with quantitative sequence methods. It is explored empirically how open creative labs such as co-working spaces or seed accelerators supply core functions within entrepreneurial ecosystems based on the aspects of regional integration and trans-local connection. Open creative labs do not only provide important resources for startups and entrepreneurs but also have systemic functions within entrepreneurial ecosystems. Namely, they provide conditions under which critical links within regional entrepreneurial ecosystems can be formed and they facilitate inter-ecosystem ties between regions.     

商业孵化型平台生态系统的价值共创机制：小米案例

小米公司的快速成长造就了一个商业孵化型平台生态系统的典型案例,本研究通过对小米案例的分析揭示了这种系统内行为主体的价值共创机制。研究的数据广泛收集于多种媒体并经过实地采访确证,关注孵化阶段小米对生态链企业的资源支持和运行阶段生态链企业对整个平台生态系统的资源反哺两个方面,得到了系统的资源支持关系模型,并讨论了孵化平台在价值创造中的重要性和整个平台系统的成长机制问题。研究对多/双边市场理论和平台生态系统理论带来了补充,克服了价值链理论和社会网络理论在解释平台生态系统中的理论不足,对管理实践具有丰富的启示。     

A Framework and Databases for Measuring Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Scholarly literature on the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has increased sharply over the past five years. The surge in interest has also heightened the demand for robust empirical measures that capture the complexity of dynamic relationships among ecosystem constituents. We offer a framework for measurement that places collaborative relationships among entrepreneurs, firms, government agencies, and research institutions at the center of the ecosystem concept. We further emphasize the four roles of the federal government as a catalyst, coordinator, certifier, and customer in shaping these relationships. Despite the central importance of these firm-government interactions, there is surprisingly little research on suitable methodologies and appropriate data for systematically and reliably incorporating them into measures of ecosystem health. Our study aims to address this gap in the literature by first developing a conceptual framework for measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems and then describing an array of accompanying databases that provide rich and detailed information on firms and their relationships with government organizations, accelerators, and research institutions. A major advantage of our approach is that all the underlying databases are drawn from non-confidential, publicly available sources that are transparently disclosed and regularly updated. This greatly expands the potential community of scholars, managers, and policymakers that may independently use these databases to test theories, make decisions, and formulate policies related to innovation and entrepreneurship.     

创业生态导向、机会资源一体化与创业绩效

目前,创业生态系统研究的不足更多体现在系统不同层面之间的交叉融合研究匮乏,这极易造成新创企业的行为与系统发展方向所背离。处于不同系统生态位的新创企业只有融入周围所属创业生态系统,才能使自身与系统成为一个整体,从而获得系统福利并且创有所成,这也符合共同利益原则。但是,从企业与系统相互融合视角展开的研究却非常少见。于是,本研究强调新创企业需要采取与系统“互融、同构”的战略导向,进而提出创业生态导向的新构念。另外,由于机会资源一体化开发行为已成为新创企业获取创业绩效的关键行为,本研究还将基于“导向-行为-绩效”的标准研究范式,进一步检验创业生态导向、机会资源一体化开发行为与创业绩效的关系。此研究结论既可以准确把握创业生态系统下的新创企业战略导向形成过程,又能全面总结新创企业在创业生态系统下的创业行为规律,对于处于不同生态位的企业如何创有所成提供指导。     

A framework and databases for measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems

Scholarly literature on the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has increased sharply over the past five years. The surge in interest has also heightened the demand for robust empirical measures that capture the complexity of dynamic relationships among ecosystem constituents. We offer a framework for measurement that places collaborative relationships among entrepreneurs, firms, government agencies, and research institutions at the center of the ecosystem concept. We further emphasize the four roles of the federal government as a catalyst, coordinator, certifier, and customer in shaping these relationships. Despite the central importance of these firm-government interactions, there is surprisingly little research on suitable methodologies and appropriate data for systematically and reliably incorporating them into measures of ecosystem health. Our study aims to address this gap in the literature by first developing a conceptual framework for measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems and then describing an array of accompanying databases that provide rich and detailed information on firms and their relationships with government organizations, accelerators, and research institutions. A major advantage of our approach is that all the underlying databases are drawn from non-confidential, publicly available sources that are transparently disclosed and regularly updated. This greatly expands the potential community of scholars, managers, and policymakers that may independently use these databases to test theories, make decisions, and formulate policies related to innovation and entrepreneurship.     

“情绪-行为-绩效”视角的创业激情研究

   “激情创业,理性行动”已成为创业实践领域的共识,也是提升创业成长水平的重要手段。基于“Affect-Behavior-Output”分析框架构建了创业激情对新创企业绩效作用机理模型,并分析失败事件学习在其中的调节作用。通过对225份创业者问卷数据分析结果显示：（1）创业激情有助于提升创业者的资源拼凑行为;（2）创业者的资源拼凑行为有助于提升新创企业的绩效表现,且创业资源拼凑行为在创业激情与新创企业绩效之间起到中介作用;（3）失败事件学习正向调节创业激情与创业资源拼凑以及创业资源拼凑与新创企业绩效之间的关系。     

中国金融资源配置效率时空异质性及其影响因素

提升金融资源配置效率是防范重大金融风险以及推动经济高质量发展的重要途径。基于StoNED模型测算了2007—2019年中国31个省份的金融资源配置效率,剖析中国金融资源配置效率时空异质性,并采用时空地理加权回归模型分析了时空异质性的影响因素。结果表明：①2007—2019年,整体上中国金融资源配置效率不高,具有“先上升后下降、再上升而后缓慢下降”的“M”型时序变化特征。②中国金融资源配置效率呈现总体分片、块状聚集的“连片状”空间格局,且东部地区金融资源配置效率明显高于中西部地区。③金融结构、财政支出能有效支持各省份金融资源有效配置;经济水平、金融水平、信贷结构、储蓄规模、金融开放、产业结构高级化和所有制结构对各省份金融资源配置效率的影响作用存在异质性。本文研究发现为新时期如何推进金融资源配置提效、优化金融资源布局与协调区域经济发展提供了决策参考。     

风险投资、资本项目开放与全要素生产率

基于2003-2012年省级面板数据,利用非参数协方差矩阵估计法,从区域层面考察风险投资、资本项目开放对全要素生产率的影响,研究发现:风险投资与全要素生产率之间存在显著的正相关关系,但不同类型的风险投资对全要素生产率的影响、效率及作用机制存在异质性。其中,外资风险投资主要通过推动技术进步来提高全要素生产率,民营风险投资主要通过改善技术效率来提高全要素生产率,而国有风险投资不能有效的改善全要素生产率。QFLP、RQFLP等资本项目开放政策能够推动技术进步,对全要素生产率有稳定的正向影响,但对风险投资与全要素生产率之间的关系存在负向的调节效应。因此,应审慎推进资本项目开放,并注意优化风险投资结构和空间配置状态。     

技术新创企业创业网络对企业成长的影响研究

技术新创企业的高质量发展面临多重因素掣肘,如何有效获取利用资源促进企业发展尤为重要。现有研究注重对获取与利用资源直接效用的研究,对技术新创企业如何通过资源编排构筑资源基础进而促进企业成长内在机理缺乏深入探究。鉴于此,选取4家技术新创企业进行多案例分析,通过解析创业网络与企业成长之间资源编排的作用机制以揭示企业成长内在机理,由此构建“结构-行为-绩效”理论模型。研究发现：（1）创业网络是技术新创企业获取资源以促进企业成长的基础;（2）创业网络资源供给使资源编排行动得以实施;（3）技术新创企业通过资源编排将外部资源内部化,与既有资源形成资源组合以提升资源基础,并通过循环编排行动达成资源平衡以激发束集效应是企业成长的关键。     

创业者职业价值观、资源拼凑与创业绩效关系研究

创业者对新创企业的发展起着至关重要的作用，且对于新创企业资源局限的情况而言，资源拼凑无疑是极具价值的资源管理行为，然而学界很少有把创业者和资源拼凑联系在一起的实证分析。本研究主要研究了从创业者职业价值观，通过创业者的资源拼凑行为影响创业绩效的作用路径，以及环境动态性的调节作用。通过实证研究表明：创业者职业价值观的四个维度会对创业者的资源拼凑行为产生正向影响；资源拼凑对创业绩效有显著的正向影响；资源拼凑在创业者职业价值观和创业绩效之间有部分中介作用；环境动态性负向调节资源拼凑对创业绩效的正向作用。     

创业者职业价值观、资源拼凑与创业绩效的关系研究

创业者对新创企业的发展起着至关重要的作用,且对于新创企业资源局限的情况而言,资源拼凑无疑是极具价值的资源管理行为,然而学界很少有把创业者和资源拼凑联系在一起的实证分析。本研究主要研究了从创业者职业价值观,通过创业者的资源拼凑行为影响创业绩效的作用路径,以及环境动态性的调节作用。通过实证研究表明：创业者职业价值观的四个维度会对创业者的资源拼凑行为产生正向影响;资源拼凑对创业绩效有显著的正向影响;资源拼凑在创业者职业价值观和创业绩效之间有部分中介作用;环境动态性负向调节资源拼凑对创业绩效的正向作用。     

平台企业主导型创业生态系统赋能机理研究——基于耦合的视角

基于耦合视角,探讨平台企业主导型创业生态系统对创业企业赋能的机理,实证检验耦合的三个维度对创业企业绩效的影响,以及平台正式治理对耦合与创业绩效关系的调节效应.研究结果表明,平台企业主导型创业生态系统内,创业企业与其他主体间的文化价值耦合、互补性资产耦合、物理系统耦合均对创业企业绩效有积极影响,平台正式治理对耦合与创业绩效的关系具有促进作用.     

从社会创业体系缺陷解读我国机会型创业缺失的成因

本文在初步综述创业环境研究进展和分析机会型创业过程之Timmons模型的基础上,认为Timmons模型存在严重的学理性缺陷,并不足以分析和解释机会型创业过程;进而提出了“机会型创业推进方格模型”,认为这一模型才有助于恰当分析和理解机会型创业过程。在提出“机会型创业推进方格模型”的基础上,分析了机会型创业所依赖的外部环境,提出了机会型创业所依赖的“社会创业体系”;进而通过分析指出,目前在我国,社会创业体系的缺陷导致了机会型创业的缺失。     

我国区域创新生态系统运行效率：基于创新价值链视角

区域创新生态系统的协同有效运行不仅是促进我国经济高质量发展的重要动力,同时也是助力国家治理能力与治理体系现代化建设的重要保障。文章从创新价值链视角进行框架切入,基于Malmquist指数法对我国2014-2018年区域创新生态系统的运行效率展开实证测度。结果表明：（1）我国区域创新生态系统运行效率在2014年到2018年呈现出稳定增长的局面,年均增长9.7%,2016年后技术效率有所下降,主要是受到了规模效率变动的影响。（2）我国东部地区创新生态系统运行效率更趋近于最优化前沿面,其次是中部地区,最后是西部地区。省际创新生态系统运行效率差异较大,主要原因在于各省份间的技术变化指数差异较大,各省份技术进步变化指数与全要素生产率变化指数呈现相近趋势。（3）各省际区域对不同资源投入的敏感性程度不同,即存在着不同程度的创新投入资源冗余或分配管理不善等问题。