Knowledge sharing within teams: enabling and constraining factors

In this study, we tested the effects of several team features on knowledge sharing within teams of primary school teachers. We hypothesized that trust in team leader and trust in colleagues, mediated by team identification, will have a positive effect on knowledge sharing. We found indirect effects of both trust variables through team identification and a direct effect of trust in team members on knowledge sharing. We explored, furthermore, a moderator effect of team identification on the relation between team work value diversity and knowledge sharing to examine if team identification diminishes the potential negative effects of team work value diversity on knowledge sharing. Contrary to our expectations, we found no relation between work value diversity and knowledge sharing if team identification is low, while the relation takes a negative curvilinear form if team identification is high. This outcome is explained by the notion that signals of un-sameness in values can produce perceptions of threat and subsequent reactions in high identification teams.     

市场化、人力资本与经济增长效应——来自中国省际面板数据的证据

文章在包含人力资本的经济增长模型中引入市场化因素,研究表明,人力资本对经济增长的贡献显著为正,但其经济增长效应受到市场化环境的影响;市场化程度的提高在直接促进经济增长的同时,还通过促进人力资本的产出效应进而间接影响经济增长.市场化分类因素中“非国有经济的发展”、“要素市场的发展程度”、“政府与市场的关系”对人力资本产出效应的影响显著为正;而“市场中介组织发育和法律制度环境”则对经济增长产生直接的显著正效应.而且,市场化的人力资本产出效应及其直接经济增长效应存在显著的地区性差异.     

有限理性视角下组织间隐性知识共享博弈研究

组织间隐性知识共享,是组织提高自身隐性知识存量的主要途径之一。基于知识共享过程中知识发送、知识吸收、知识创新的三个阶段,分析了知识共享过程中知识的价值增值机制,认为在知识共享过程中知识价值增值包括知识交流的直接价值和知识创新的间接价值,并在此基础上构建了组织间隐性知识共享博弈的收益矩阵。基于知识主体的有限理性,运用进化博弈理论对组织间隐性知识共享进行分析,研究了隐性知识共享博弈的进化稳定策略,探讨了知识共享成本、知识发送能力、知识吸收能力、知识创新能力以及知识主体间的知识势差等参数对进化稳定策略的影响,研究表明通过调整相关参数的取值,可以使得隐性知识共享进化博弈实现最优进化稳定策略,从而促进组织间隐性知识共享。     

生产性服务业集聚对绿色经济效率的影响研究

作为制造业转型升级的重要动力,生产性服务业已经成为推动我国经济高质量发展的重要引擎。本文选取2005-2018年中国278个城市面板数据,实证检验了生产性服务业集聚对城市绿色经济效率提升的机理。研究结果表明：（1）生产性服务业集聚对城市绿色经济效率有显著促进作用,且存在空间溢出效应,但直接效应更大;（2）生产性服务业集聚可以通过工业生产率、知识存量和市场环境三条路径影响城市绿色经济效率,但存在异质性;（3）知识存量和市场环境两种中介效应均存在双重门槛,且两者在调节生产性服务业集聚作用绿色经济效率中表现出“由抑制到促进,由微弱到增强”的阶梯性特征。文章不仅检验了生产性服务业集聚在影响城市绿色经济效率中具体的影响路径;同时,也证实了门槛效应和空间效应的存在。     

政企关系与民营企业创新决策研究

为什么我国多数企业醉心于创新数量的累积而普遍缺乏高质量的创新产出?本文基于政治嵌入视角,考察民营企业如何在创新数量与创新质量间进行选择决策。采用2008—2017年中国上市民营企业数据,研究发现：拥有直接政治关联的民营企业更倾向于选择低质量的策略性创新而排斥高质量的实质性创新,表明与政府“过度亲密”(亲而不清)的政企关系是企业创新的“诅咒”;拥有间接政治关联的民营企业对两类创新都有偏好,但更倾向于选择实质性创新,表明与政府“适度亲密”(即亲又清)的政企关系是企业创新的“福音”。民营企业的上述选择决策会受到企业所在地区的制度发展水平、企业与中央的行政层级距离的影响。本文从政企关系视角阐释了我国创新数量和创新质量的不匹配问题,揭示了构建“亲”“清”新型政企关系对激发高质量创新成果的重要作用,有助于指导民营企业进行正确的创新战略选择决策。     

无形技术外溢与区域自主创新——以桂林市为例的实证分析

通过构建R&D存量测算模型,对比分析区际贸易、投资和无形技术外溢对区域自主创新的影响机制,并以桂林市为例进行实证分析。研究发现：无形技术外溢短期内显著促进了桂林自主创新能力的提高,但长期看来则呈现负效应;区际贸易技术外溢对桂林自主创新的促进作用大于无形技术外溢;投资技术外溢未能显著促进桂林自主创新能力的提高。此外,桂林市R&D投资对其自主创新能力提升也起到了推动作用,虽然其贡献要小于区际贸易和无形技术外溢,但其正效应持续时间更长。     

知识获取方式对制造型企业创新绩效影响的实证研究——基于营销探索与营销开发的视角

知识资源被认为是促进创新的关键性战略资产,但现有研究对于如何借助营销能力将其转化为创新绩效的关注较为欠缺,3者间的作用机制并不明晰,同时缺乏从提高营销能力视角下对知识获取方式与探索、开发过程的研究。基于组织双元理论,构建了知识获取方式、营销能力适应性过程与创新绩效关系的理论模型,并以294家制造型企业为样本开展实证研究,结果表明,内部知识共享和市场知识获取对创新绩效产生了直接的正向影响并通过营销探索和营销开发的中介作用产生间接影响;其中营销探索发挥了更为显著的中介效应,营销探索和营销开发2种适应性能力显著提升了创新绩效。     

基于空间计量的区域间创新行为知识溢出分析

创新和知识累积是促进技术进步和经济增长的重要因素。知识生产函数刻画了研发投入与产出之间的关系。本文在知识生产函数的框架下,创新性地考虑了本地知识存量与其余地区知识存量因素的影响,利用空间计量经济学的空间常系数空间滞后模型、空间误差模型,对我国31个省份区域间创新行为知识溢出进行了回归分析。结果表明,R&D经费支出对地区的知识生产有显著的正效应,而R&D人员全时当量对知识生产作用不显著;知识存量对地区知识生产具有显著作用,本地知识存量具有正效应,其他地区知识存量具有负效应;我国区域创新活动已经呈现出较强的空间聚集趋势。最后,结合研究结果对区域间的创新行为提出了方向性的建议。     

不同政府科技资助方式对企业研发投入的影响

政府科技资助是解决企业研发活动外部性问题、推动创新驱动发展的重要手段。基于我国2009-2014年大中型工业企业数据,探讨直接补贴资助、直接税收优惠和间接税收优惠三种科技资助方式对企业研发投入的影响,并分析知识产权、企业规模、产权类型、知识存量和R&D资本存量等因素的调节作用。研究发现三种科技资助对企业研发投入均有显著激励效应,且直接税收优惠的最强,但知识产权保护的调节效应不显著。政府对小规模企业、民营企业科技资助的激励效应比对大规模企业、国有企业强。对R&D资本存量、知识存量大的企业,直接税收优惠的激励效应更强,反之则直接补贴资助、间接税收优惠的更强。     

异质性知识对企业创新绩效的影响:理论述评与展望

异质性知识对企业核心能力和创新绩效有重要影响。通过文献回顾,系统阐述异质性知识的概念内涵以及企业内外部异质性知识的交互关系,剖析异质性知识对企业创新绩效的直接作用与间接效应、促进作用与负面影响,为全面客观地认识异质性知识对企业创新绩效的影响提供辨证思考。在此基础上提出可测量的异质性知识促进企业创新绩效的研究框架,并对未来的研究给出展望,为更深入的理论与实证研究奠定基础,也为企业创新实施异质性知识组合战略实践提供借鉴参考。     

The impact of the French policy mix on business R&D: How geography matters

Based on a spatial extension of an R&D investment model, this paper measures the macroeconomic impact of the French R&D policy mix on business R&D using regional data. Our measure takes into account not only the direct effect of policies but also indirect effects generated by the existence of spatial interaction between regions. Using a unique database containing information on the levels of various R&D policy instruments received by firms in French NUTS3 regions over the period 2001–2011, our estimates of a spatial Durbin model with structural breaks and fixed effects reveal the existence of a negative spatial dependence among R&D investments in regions. In this context, while a-spatial estimates would conclude that all instruments have a crowding-in effect, we show that national subsidies are the only instrument that is able to generate significant crowding-in effects. On the contrary, it seems that the design, size and spatial allocation of funds from the other instruments (tax credits, local subsidies, European subsidies) lead them to act (in the French context) as beggar-thy-neighbor policies.     

FDI对我国制造业绿色工艺创新的影响研究基于行业面板数据的实证分析

在将绿色工艺创新分为清洁生产技术创新和末端治理技术创新的基础上,运用2003 - 2009年27个制造行业的面板数据,实证分析了FDI对我国制造业绿色工艺创新的影响.结果表明,FDI对清洁生产技术创新和末端治理技术创新产生了正向的直接影响,而对两种绿色工艺创新产生了负向的间接影响.总体来看,FDI对我国制造业两种绿色工艺创新均产生了负向的综合影响.     

透视中国FDI流入的出口贸易结构效应——基于改革开放以来时间序列数据检验

本文研究FDI流入的出口贸易结构效应，并将其界定为贸易方式与贸易商品两种结构效应，通过经验数据深入分析其变化的原因。实证结果表明：FDI的出口贸易结构效应呈现周期性波动，周期界于3—5年；直接与间接效应差异巨大，动态变化同样呈现周期性，正效应与负效应并存。在此基础上，有针对性地提出促进国际直接投资贸易结构正效应发挥的政策措施。     

Measuring the returns of R&D—An empirical study of the German manufacturing sector over 45 years

Motivated by recent statistics that show significant growth in labor productivity, this paper seeks to analyze the long-term relationship between domestic R&D, knowledge stock and productivity dynamics. Time series data of the German manufacturing industry is used to estimate a variable cost function with the stock of knowledge being dependent upon current and past R&D spending. The estimates indicate that 50% of the effects of R&D on the knowledge stock appear within 4 years. However, the rate of return on R&D are shown to be drastically declining; recent rates of return on R&D are estimated to have reached an all-time low spanning the last 45 years. Current yields of R&D are only one third compared to the sixties. In conclusion, though the productivity slowdown of the seventies seems to have been overcome, this is not attributed to R&D investments.     

组织文化、知识分享与组织创新的关系研究

 讨了组织文化、知识分享、组织创新与组织绩效之间的相互影响关系,并选取我国华南地区95家高科技企业作为对象进行实证研究。研究结果表明：（1）组织文化通过影响知识分享进而影响组织创新;（2）知识分享影响组织创新进而影响组织绩效;（3）组织创新对组织绩效有直接的正向影响;（4）组织文化对组织绩效没有显著的直接影响,但通过知识分享和组织创新间接影响组织绩效;（5）知识分享对组织绩效没有显著的直接影响,但通过组织创新来间接影响组织绩效。     

三重知识溢出与新兴经济体创新升级

综合考究本土外资知识溢出、逆向知识溢出和本土内资知识溢出对新兴经济体的系统性影响,有助于深度认识知识溢出体系在国内创新升级中所扮演角色,发现创新拐点。文中通过构建理论模型论证了三重知识溢出的整体关联性,并在异质性样本条件下实证了该整体与我国创新升级之间的内在关联。结果显示：整体视角下,三重知识溢出对国内创新升级的总效应、直接效应和间接效应均表现为正向促进作用;分视角下,源于一带一路沿线国家的外资知识溢出和本土内资知识溢出组合在总效应方面正向促进国内创新升级,但本土外资知识溢出的直接效应以及逆向知识溢出发挥的间接效应与国内创新升级表现为负相关;来自非沿线国家的三重知识溢出总效应对国内创新升级同样表现出正向促进作用,但逆向知识溢出的直接效应表现为抑制作用;此外,所有样本检验结果均表明知识溢出方和知识接收方之间技术差距有益于促进国内创新升级,但双方的人力资本差距与国内创新升级负相关。     

Does local knowledge spillover matter for firm productivity? The role of financial access and corporate governance

Global productivity growth has either stagnated or declined, despite continued technological innovations with the rise of knowledge-intensive intangibles that arise from the growth of knowledge stock (R&D activities). Understanding the root causes of this paradox in the context of growing economies requires an investigation of whether local knowledge diffusion can explain firm-level productivity differences, including key constraining factors like sources of financing or corporate governance structure. Using financial data of 7970 Indian firms over a 20-year period and clustering firms across industries, we assess the impact of R&D stock that is external to the firm through estimating both within (intra) and between (inter) industry spillovers. We find that both R&D and non-R&D-performing firms benefit from ‘between industry’ spillovers. We further show that firms with better access to finance achieve higher productivity, not only through their own R&D capital stock but also via both types of industry-level knowledge spillover. We allow for the two key sources of international spillovers namely import intensity and FDI. While import-intensive firms experience lower productivity, FDI mitigates this adverse productivity effect across knowledge-intensive exporting firms. The paper concludes that financially unconstrained firms and firms with greater corporate board connectedness derive positive industry-level spillover effects, reflecting intra- and inter-industry as domestic spillover or local value-chain effect in the literature on technological innovation.     

学习、知识能量、核心能力如何提升绩效——华南地区企业的实证研究

探讨学习、知识能量及核心能力如何提升组织的绩效,并以华南地区的157家企业为对象进行实证研究.结果表明,以学习为导向的组织必须通过知识能量的积累才能促进核心能力的提升并最终提高组织的绩效;知识能量的积累并不能直接带来组织绩效的改善,而需通过核心能力的提升才能对组织绩效产生间接的正向影响.     

基于废弃手机的高技术矿产可供性研究

高技术矿产是国家战略性新兴产业发展的关键原材料,而废弃手机中含有丰富的高技术矿产。随着经济发展,手机成为生活中常见的电子产品,中国已成为全球最大的手机生产地和消费国,每年产生大量废弃手机。尽管现有研究开始关注手机废弃量测算,但并未考虑“水货”和“山寨”手机对实际手机量的影响,也少有将功能型手机与智能型手机蕴含物质的差异作区分,使得废弃手机高技术矿产的可供种类、规模等问题缺乏深入研究。因此,本文在区分功能型手机和智能型手机的基础上,运用动态物质流方法,测算出手机废弃量及其所蕴含的高技术矿产社会存量,并讨论相关因素对高技术城市矿产成矿种类、品位、规模和速度的影响。研究结果表明：① 1987—2016年,中国手机废弃总量超过33.26亿台;② 1987—2016年,中国废弃手机中蕴含各类高技术矿产总社会存量超过1.53万t; ③ 受多重因素影响,未来废弃手机高技术矿产的可供存量还将在种类、品位、成矿规模和成矿速度等方面发生显著变化。基于上述分析,本文针对合理开发中国高技术城市矿产,保障高技术矿产资源供给安全,提出相关建议。     

Heterogeneous MNC subsidiaries and technological spillovers: Explaining positive and negative effects in India

One of the most intriguing aspects of the recent empirical literature on FDI-related spillover effects is the increasing identification of mixed results. A few studies, particularly in advanced countries have found positive effects; however, a more common scenario in recent studies is the prevalence of insignificant or even negative effects. This is despite the fact that theory predicts substantial positive effects in association with a supposed technological superiority of MNCs relative to domestic firms, particularly in the context of less advanced countries. In this paper, by distinguishing subsidiaries according to their orientation to carry out creative vs. exploitation activities in the host economy, we are able to distinguish situations with positive and negative spillover effects, and we explain why they may be emerging. More specifically, we find that only subsidiaries that are oriented to technologically creative activities have a significantly positive effect in India. In contrast, subsidiaries oriented mostly to technologically exploitative activities generate negative effects in some circumstances. The implications for theory and policy are discussed.