Protecting their digital assets: The use of formal & informal appropriability strategies by App developers

Innovators and entrepreneurs developing products and competing “on top” of digital platforms face different conditions than do those in more traditional industries. In this paper, we explore how this affects appropriability strategies in novel data on mobile app developers’ appropriability strategies. We find that the many smallest developers in the “long tail”— the vast majority of all developers – do in fact take actions to capture value and to protect their intellectual property, but do so only through informal mechanisms. By contrast, larger developers exploit a combination of both informal mechanisms and formal intellectual property rights, using copyright, patents, and trademarks. Several strategies particular to digital platforms are also documented. We link this pattern of different strategies pursued by different competitor types to the structural features of digital competition.     

Differences in mobile health app use: A source of new digital inequalities?

This article provides a more differentiated understanding of mobile health consumers, and considers whether health app use may contribute to new digital inequalities. It focuses on factors associated with mobile health app use, and identifies which factors explain the use of different types of health apps. Data from a large representative sample of the Dutch population (N = 1,079) show that mobile health app users were generally younger, higher educated, and had higher levels of e-health literacy skills than non-users. Interestingly, different usage patterns were found for specific types of health apps. Theory and policy implications are discussed.     

著作权保护客体的扩张与界限

电子化时代下,计算机程序软件和数据库这些新型的著作物成为著作权保护的对象.著作权保护客体得到了扩张,但也有一定的界限.     

高价值专利评估建模与实证

为有效评估高价值专利,提出"四位一体"的高价值专利分析理念,认为专利的高价值是高技术创新、高质量申请确权、高效益转化运用、高水平产业引领4个单维度价值的综合体现。以中国专利奖300件获奖专利为分析样本,从专利特征、发明人特征以及权利人特征3个维度,提取高价值基因,形成高价值专利构成要素的整体性判断。采用熵权法对专利各单维度价值相关指标进行赋权,建立单维度价值得分模型,并据此构建专利价值评估模型。通过对专利价值评估模型的验证发现,该模型具有较好的可测性、准确性和实用性,能够实现对不同领域高价值专利的评估,研究结论可为高价值专利评估实践提供有益参考。     

Understanding copyright in support of scholarship: Some possible challenges to scholars and academic librarians in the digital environment?

This paper examines the rationale for copyright and how the copyright exemption of the law promotes scholarship. It examines the possible challenges that may be faced by scholars and academic librarians in implementing the copyright fair dealing exemption in the digital environment following that digital information is protected by copyright law and licensing agreements. The paper attempts to propose possible measures that could be implemented for copyright exceptions to better function and promote scholarship in the digital environment.     

Digital transparency and the usefulness for open government

Open Government efforts are criticized for providing limited value. Instead of looking at a value, we investigate the usefulness of web-based open government portals and apps. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between digital transparency and usefulness. We analyzed perceived digital transparency and usefulness in a survey of 112 respondents using Partial Least Square (PLS) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results show that perceived functionality, transparency, and efficiency influence usefulness but that functionality of apps and efficiency are more important than transparency. Usefulness can be created without having high levels of transparency, as the public wants answers to their questions. Apps should be designed for efficient use, as users have limited time and resources. Apps having pre-defined functional views can be useful to provide quick insight but might limit transparency by not offering other views and insights. Opening raw data using portals can provide higher levels of transparency, although more time and effort are needed to analyze. Both portals providing access to raw data and apps having pre-defined views are needed for open government and transparency as they serve other stakeholder groups and purposes.     

区块链在数字音乐版权管理中应用的挑战与因应

数字音乐版权管理涵盖确权、用权、维权三大环节，分别面临版权归属难以确定、版权许可与版税支付壁垒、技术保护与法律保护皆不完美的问题，而区块链具有多方协同、不可篡改、可溯源、可验证、去中心化等特点，其应用可化解数字音乐版权管理的困境；此外，在确权、用权、维权三大环节也分别面临版权虚假主张的验证、实际收益未增加、区块链存证的证据性质未定等新问题。基于对区块链在数字音乐版权管理中应用的场景与挑战分析，提出中国应采取监管沙盒方式进行试验性规制的建议。     

用于图像资源版权保护的SVD域数字水印方法

图像数字水印技术,作为潜在的可有效解决数字图书馆中图像资源版权保护问题的手段,受到了广大学者越来越多的关注.为有效地实现图像资源的版权保护,该文在讨论和分析了图像资源版权保护的现状和发展趋势后,提出了一种新的简单、方便、容易的SVD域图像数字水印方法.该文方法在对数字水印的提取时,无须原始图像的参与,实用性强.实验结果表明,该文方法对数字水印具有很好的透明性,并且方法对图像JPEG压缩、亮度调整、对比度调整、叠加噪声等常见图像处理攻击均具有很强的稳健性.因此,该文方法可有效地运用于图像资源的版权保护.     

基于区块链技术的数字版权保护研究

相较于传统数字版权保护技术,区块链因具有去中心化、时间戳、分布式记账、开放式系统、智能合约等技术特点而拥有独特优势。分布式账本与哈希算法可提高数字版权交易信息透明度,时间戳记录能有效防止数字作品被盗版,去中心化和智能合约为数字创作者增收。在数字版权保护应用上,未来区块链技术应在分布式账本统一标准、数据存储空间扩大、国家管辖权兼容等方面有所突破。     

网络时代著作权合理使用的研究

著作权合理使用制度对社会、对权利人、对著作权使用人来讲都是一个行之有效的制度，有效地促进了人类精神成果的推广和拓展。但是在网络环境和数字化的背景下，随着“盗版”定义的扩展、著作权保护手段的丰富，合理使用面临着被边缘化的危险。本文就这一问题进行探讨。     

一种基于数字指纹的电子书版权保护方案

介绍数字指纹的功能和特征,分析数字指纹的编码方案及协议,提出一种用于电子书版权保护的数字指纹系统模型,并讨论如何应用该模型进行电子书版权保护。     

Financial signaling by innovative nascent ventures: The relevance of patents and prototypes

External finance is a central issue for innovative nascent ventures. In this study, we argue that innovative nascent ventures may use patents to signal appropriability and prototypes to signal feasibility to potential investors. Using new data on 906 nascent ventures, we find that nascent ventures with patents or patent applications as well as prototyped innovations are more likely to obtain equity finance. However, nascent ventures that can solely signal appropriability by patenting are not more likely to obtain equity finance. This result may indicate that venture capitalists and business angels assign higher value to the appropriability signal when coupled with feasibility and vice versa.     

高校图书馆以数字化方式使用国外原版图书的版权问题研究

在分析数字环境对传统著作权的挑战及其引起的法律问题的基础上,指出了我国著作权立法的不完善之处,诸如缺乏数字环境下著作权的合理使用标准和公益图书馆的豁免制度。鉴于此,本文从立法者、司法者和守法者的视角,提出了国外原版图书数字化所面临法律问题的解决方案。立法者参照国际条约和发达国家的著作权法,完善我国数字环境下的著作权立法;司法者结合国内外的司法实践,对相关案件作出合理、公正的判决,为立法者提供立法依据;守法者依据现行法律、针对数字版权特征,依法、合理、善意地使用数字作品,如对读者资格进行注册限制、对数字作品采取加密措施等。

Abstract：

Based on the analysis of the challenges of the digital environment to the traditional copyright and the legal issues arising therefrom,this paper points out the imperfections of copyright legislation in China such as lack of standard for rational use of copyright and exemption system for public library in the digital environment.In view of this,this article proposes some solutions to the legal issues in the digitalization of foreign original books from the perspective of the legislators,the judiciary and the law-abiding personnel.The legislators perfect the copyright legislation in the digital environment in China by reference to the international treaties and the copyright laws of the developed countries.The judiciary integrates judicial practice in China and foreign countries to make rational and fair judgement on relevant cases to provide the legislative basis for the legislators.The law-abiding personnel use the digital works lawfully,legitimately and in a spirit of goodwill according to the current law and the characteristics of the digital copyright such as limiting the number of readers eligible for registration and adopting encryption measures for protecting digital works.     

数字图书馆版权保护技术及其规避行为的法律对策

版权保护是数字图书馆建设中面临的关键性问题之一。本文结合中国大陆新著作权法对数字化信息资源的版权保护条款，简要回顾了当前中国大陆数字图书馆建设在版权保护问题上的缺陷，强调应进一步加强版权保护的技术性措施；详细论述了用以保护数字化信息资源版权的主流技术，包括防拷贝技术、访问控制、内容保护、流媒体格式、数字水印以及DRM技术，对DRM技术在数字图书馆中的应用前景进行了展望；并对数字资源版权保护中可能出现的技术规避行为，提出采用先进技术、追究法律责任、改进商业模式等若干应对措施。     

大数据环境下可视媒体版权保护模式研究

大数据技术的快速发展与应用,加快了可视媒体大数据的传播与利用。可视媒体数据的特点与广泛应用也带来了一些新的可视媒体大数据安全性问题。构建网络环境可视媒体大数据版权保护模式,可为数字图书馆可视媒体应用服务提供安全保障,增强图书馆数字资源综合服务能力。充分挖掘可视媒体价值稀疏性与视觉稀疏性,提取可视媒体稀疏特征,建立可视媒体大数据稀疏感知计算模型,从可视媒体稀疏特性角度给出可视媒体大数据版权加密、版权认证、版权告示与版权审计追踪方案设计思路,构建可视媒体大数据版权保护应用新模式。结合数字图书馆应用实践验证了该版权保护模式的有效性,该版权保护模式可较好维护数字图书馆中可视媒体大数据机密性、完整性、可用性、可审计性,切实提升大数据环境数字图书馆可视媒体内容服务能力。     

Coherence or flexibility? The paradox of change for developers’ digital innovation trajectory on open platforms

Innovation is a cumulative process in which past knowledge created by others can be both a source for predictable outcomes and also a barrier to significant change. The recent literature on digital innovation suggests that open platforms, which encourage their developers to build upon each other's knowledge when innovating their add-on apps in the periphery, face a related paradox. Developers face the tension of either being coherent with the past, or flexible to adjust to the future. In this paper, we examine how the trade-off between coherent and flexible search mechanisms affects the individual developer's choice of innovating a certain app as well as his or her cumulative impact, i.e., the degree of modifications to the app. We study an open platform in the multi-disciplinary field of nanotechnology, in which 480 developers perform more than 30,000 problem-solving actions over a period of 10 years. We use relational event modeling to differentially assess the effect of the coherent and flexible search strategies. We find that developers are significantly more likely to choose a certain app that is consistent with both a coherent and flexible strategy. However, a coherent strategy leads to greater cumulative impact on an app compared to a strategy of being mutually coherent and flexible. Thus, our findings indicate both a complementary and a contradictory logic in how the tension between coherence and flexibility unfolds. We make contributions to the recent literature on digital innovation as well as the innovation literature more broadly. Further, our results inform innovation policy and platform design.     

Google数字图书馆版权获取模式及对我国的启示

本文探讨了数字图书馆对版权法的挑战,包括合理使用、默示许可及复制权、传播权问题,分析了Google数字图书馆版权获取舍弃模式及默示许可模式,得出结论是我国目前数字图书馆的数字化及网络传播行为应归为合理使用行为,并提出引入默示许可制度。     

图书馆出版服务的角色定位与著作权责任的承担研究

[目的/意义] 图书馆在出版服务中扮演不同的角色,承担相应的著作权责任,可确保图书馆以恰当的身份参与到出版服务中去。[方法/过程] 分析图书馆参与出版服务中所扮演馆藏资源揭示者、珍稀资源提供者、数字出版服务参与者3种角色,依照不同角色来探究图书馆承担的相应著作权责任。[结果/结论] 在出版服务中,图书馆扮演的角色与承担的责任相匹配,可有效控制著作权侵权行为的发生,有利于图书馆发挥内容提供的核心作用。     

试论数字版权管理

文章阐述了数字版权管理的基本原理和功能要求，对数字版权管理的常用技术与若干数字版权管理系统产品的特点作了分析，并就其在图书馆的部分应用状况进行了介绍。     

从DMX到Noank:平衡知识共享与版权保护模式的探索

互联网环境下知识共享与版权保护的矛盾使现有版权管理制度陷于困局。哈佛大学法学院贝克曼中心为此提出了三种新版权管理模式DMX、Coop和Noank。为总结和借鉴这三种模式解决问题的思路和方法,本文介绍和分析了这三种模式的产生背景、指导思想、基本构成、运行流程和演进过程,总结了三个模式的创新之处及其对开展知识共享与版权保护平衡研究的启示。结果发现,贝克曼中心把网络空间数字内容自由使用的合法性作为突破点,采取基于网络的合作策略,促成了知识共享与版权保护创新模式的构建。这进一步表明,新机制的建立应该以互联网环境下的数字内容具有公共物品属性这一基本特征为出发点。