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1.
E. P. Wigner 《Resonance》2009,14(10):1018-1027
The present discussion is not put forward with the usual pride of the scientist who feels that he can make an addition, however
small, to a problem which has aroused his and his colleagues’ interest. Rather, it is a speculation of a kind which all of
us feel a great reluctance to undertake: much like the speculation on the ultimate fate of somebody who is very dear to us.
It is a speculation on the future of science itself, whether it will share, at some very distant future, the fate of “Alles
was entsteht ist Wert dass es zu Grunde geht”*. Naturally, in such a speculation one wishes to assume the best of conditions
for one’s subject and disregard the danger of an accident that may befall it, however real that danger may be. 相似文献
2.
刘士平 《上海大学学报(英文版)》2002,6(4):282-287
Schubert‘s method for solving systems of sparse equations has achieved a great deal of computational success.In this paper,Schubert‘s method was extended to multiple version,and the compact representation of multple Schubert‘s updating matrix was derived.The compact representation could be used to efficiently implement limited memory methods for large problems. 相似文献
3.
Soonghee Han 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2008,9(1):31-39
The purpose of this article is to analyze the meaning and presumptions of competence in the concrete context of knowledge
capitalism. First, the nature of competence as a ‘commodification of human ability’ that obtains a standardized monetary value
to sell in the labor market, is elucidated by applying Karl Marx’s critical theory. Second, it is further investigated that,
in the new context of the global learning economy, the production of the competence as a commodity itself becomes a key industry,
representing itself a crucialsub- system of knowledge capitalism. Third, this paper explains how competence discourse has a great deal to do with the current drastic
changes in the educational paradigm from ‘nation-state education’ to ‘global learning economy’. These changes are illustrated
by how traditional school subject-based curricula are replaced by competency-based curricula, academic qualifications integrated
into a unified form of qualification framework, and school achievement is evaluated according to the ‘demanded workplace competence’.
It is also argued that human competencies by nature have ‘double-bind’ characteristics: while it is pushed to meet the demands
as knowledge commodities, human beings themselves are beyond any notion of tradability, and the new capitalism based on human
commodities, if any, should reveal new rules to play the game. 相似文献
4.
Conclusion Finn’s 1953 assessment added up, in his opinion, “to the simply stated fact that the audiovisual field is not yet a profession”
(p. 16).
The current assessment can be concluded differently. In the past 25 years, educational technology has grown into a profession,
but it is not a fully grown and developed profession. Educational technology has accomplished a great deal in relation to
each of the criteria for a profession; this accomplishment is spelled out in AECT’sEducational Technology: Definition and Glossary of Terms. In addition, it has written about its ideals related to each of the criteria, but has not yet reached those goals. Finally,
educational technology is a profession with problems related to each of the criteria—problems discussed in this paper.
I have suggested directions educational technology needs to take to overcome its problems. Others will certainly think of
alternative directions.
If it makes no effort to overcome its problems, the profession will remain only partially developed or, perhaps, regress to
a less fully developed stage. But if its leaders, its professional association, and all its members work to overcome those
problems, the profession of educational technology can fulfill Finn’s (1964) prophecy that “the educational future will belong
to those who can grasp the significance of [educational and] instructional technology” (p. 26). 相似文献
5.
Kangdon Lee 《TechTrends》2012,56(2):13-21
There are many different ways for people to be educated and trained with regard to specific information and skills they need.
These methods include classroom lectures with textbooks, computers, handheld devices, and other electronic appliances. The
choice of learning innovation is dependent on an individual’s access to various technologies and the infrastructure environment
of a person’s surrounding. In a rapidly changing society where there is a great deal of available information and knowledge,
adopting and applying information at the right time and right place is needed to main efficiency in both school and business
settings. Augmented Reality (AR) is one technology that dramatically shifts the location and timing of education and training.
This literature review research describes Augmented Reality (AR), how it applies to education and training, and the potential
impact on the future of education. 相似文献
6.
Conclusions The hypothesis that color is superior to black and white in eliciting an audience’s rated perception of reality in film scenes
is not clearly supported by the evidence. A slight trend, on the contrary, is evinced favoring black and white. Results of
the fourth item not only reversed the mild trend in favor of blackand-white, but also showed a significant drop in number
of “real” responses, for both black and white and color, as compared with the three other items. The difference in favor of
color in this case, as pointed out, was significant at the 5 percent level of confidence.
While it is difficult to establish the cause of the differing effects of this fourth scene, it is reasonable to conjecture
that a theatrical quality in the behavior of the main actor in this scene may have contributed to the generally reduced credence
placed in this scene when shown either as black-and-white or color. The superiority of the color version over the black-and-white
suggests that this “theatrical” quality has differential effects in interaction with the color variable. The findings here
are much too sketchy to justify any elaborate speculation, but there might possibly be here some mild support of VanderMeer’s
contention that when color is used in film, audiences are less apt to take notice of, or be affected by other cues.
The fact of whether a scene is real or staged seems less influential to an audience’s perception of reality than other variables
within the screen image itself, of which one is the color variable. Apart from the color variable, the ability of a film scene
to give the illusion of having been shot from life seems to be very potent even when, in fact, the scene is staged.
There is some indication that variables important to an audience’s perception of reality in film scenes have differtial effects
in interaction with color and black and white. 相似文献
7.
Narrative for a dual audience of children and adults is a field of expanding interest among children’s literature scholars.
A great deal of the extant research is implicitly or explicitly informed by longstanding anxieties about the status of children’s
fiction, a context that shifts the parameters of the analysis to questions of literary sophistication. Whilst some attention
is paid to the reader-subject position of the child reader, rather less is given to the positioning of the adult reader in
relation to the pedagogical agendas of such texts. This article examines picture books featuring parents reading to preschool
children. In the context of family literacy, it is an instance in which the pedagogical address to the adult reader is as
significant as the address to the child. Drawing on distinctions between double and dual address, the article examines the
ways in which representations of parents reading to children position adult and child reading-subjects to understand reading
as work and leisure, respectively. We conclude with some observations about how the dual address might in fact subvert the
literacy agendas in these texts. 相似文献
8.
This article examines the role elementary school children’s spontaneous metaphors play in learning science. The data consists
of tape recordings of about 25 h from five different schools. The material is analysed using a practical epistemology analysis
and by using Dewey’s ideas on the continuity and transformation of experience. The results show the rich and varied meanings
that children put into their spontaneous metaphors. Their metaphors deal with facts as well as norms and aesthetics in relation
to the science content taught and they influence learning both through what is made salient, as well as through their relations
to the children’s possibilities of proceeding with their undertakings. Often one and the same metaphor encompassed all these
cognitive, aesthetic and normative aspects at the same time. It is discussed how this rich meaning can be cultured in a productive
way, and how the children’s spontaneous metaphors, with all their relations, can be used to enhance conceptual learning and
also learning about the nature of metaphor use in science. Through their connection with various experiences of the children,
it is also shown how children’s spontaneous metaphors have the potential to enliven and humanise the subject. 相似文献
9.
Wisdom has been a topic of religion and philosophy since the dawning of human civilization. But only during the last two or
three decades wisdom has become a topic of empirical research in developmental psychology, adult and old age education, as
well as in management and leadership studies. The aim of this paper is to elaborate a new definition of “wisdom,” in order
to provide a more adequate foundation for empirical wisdom research. To reach this goal, two empirical wisdom theories (Baltes
and Ardelt) and two philosophical wisdom approaches (Ryan and Whitehead) are presented, discussed, compared, and synthesized.
The results show that despite the fact that Baltes’ definition of “wisdom” is somewhat wider than Ardelt’s, their approaches
have many aspects in common. Additionally, also Whitehead’s ideas on wisdom are quite similar to Baltes’ core criteria concerning
wisdom-related knowledge, but Whitehead mentions two additional aspects which go beyond Baltes’ approach. Further, according
to Ryan, wise persons must have very few unjustified beliefs; this necessary condition for a wise person is neither mentioned
by Baltes, nor by Ardelt or Whitehead. Based on the ideas of these four approaches, a new definition of “wisdom” is presented,
in which wisdom is relativised to time indices and moral systems. This definition consists of a cognitive, an ethical, and
a reflective component. Further it is shown that Fischer’s and Dawson’s Lectical Assessment System is a major candidate for measuring wisdom on the basis of our new definition. 相似文献
10.
Angela Smith 《Children‘s Literature in Education》2006,37(1):35-50
This paper seeks to explore issues of immigration and Otherness through a study of the first of Michael Bond’s Paddington
books. I will argue that this book and those which follow in the series, intended for a readership of young children, deal
with the issue of immigration at a more subtle level than more recent books which are largely aimed at older children who,
it is assumed, are better able to cope with the complex political and psychological issues involved. Paddington, as a series
of books begun in the late 1950s, presents issues of anti-racism and ‘Otherness’ which can be revealed through a close textual
analysis of the introductory chapters of the first book in series, A Bear Called Paddington (1958)1, whilst also showing how the dominant culture retains its superior status.
Angela Smith is Senior Lecturer in Language and Culture at the University
of Sunderland, where she teaches in the areas of sociolinguistics and children’s
language acquisition. She has published articles on issues relating to language and gender
and language and the media.
Van Dijk, ‘sDiscourse, ethnicity, culture and racism’s
Smith, National Identity 相似文献
11.
Research on counselling is often unknown to or ignored by counsellors. Research that explores counselling from the client’s
perspective is even less familiar to most counsellors, perhaps because there is far less of it compared to the quantity of
research investigating the process from the counsellor’s point of view. Nevertheless, research presenting the client’s perspective
can be a useful guide to both counsellors and their clients. With this aim in mind, this article summarises some of the research
that has been conducted from the client’s point of view and suggests implications for counselling practice. 相似文献
12.
One could focus on many different aspects of improving the quality of mathematics teaching. For a better understanding of
children’s mathematical learning processes or teaching and learning in general, reflection on and analysis of concrete classroom
situations are of major importance. On the basis of experiences gained in a collaborative research project with elementary
school teachers, several ideas about a professional reflection on one’s own instruction activities are explained. The paper
focuses on joint reflection between teachers and researchers on the participating teacher’s own classroom interaction by means
of concrete examples. It becomes clear that changes of one’s own interaction behavior will take place only in the long-term.
Nevertheless such a joint professional reflection should be an essential component of teachers’ professional knowledge in
a natural way.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
13.
How to obtain an accurate support for large components by ball joint is a key process in aircraft digital assembly. A novel
principle and device is developed to solve the problem. Firstly, the working principle of the device is introduced. When three
or four displacement sensors installed in the localizer are touched by the ball-head, the spatial relation is calculated between
the large aircraft component’s ball-head and the localizer’s ball-socket. The localizer is driven to achieve a new position
by compensation. Relatively, a support revising algorithm is proposed. The localizer’s ball-socket approaches the ball-head
based on the displacement sensors. According to the points selected from its spherical surface, the coordinates of ball-head
spherical center are computed by geometry. Finally, as a typical application, the device is used to conduct a test-fuselage’s
ball-head into a localizer’s ball-socket. Positional deviations of the spherical centers between the ball-head and the ball-socket
in the x, y, and z directions are all controlled within ±0.05 mm under various working conditions. The results of the experiments show that
the device has the characteristics of high precision, excellent stability, strong operability, and great potential to be applied
widely in the modern aircraft industry. 相似文献
14.
Yingxiu Yang 《Frontiers of Education in China》2006,1(2):258-269
Using statistical data on the implementing conditions of China’s educational expenditure published by the state, this paper
studies the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student in order to examine the concentration
degree of the educational expenditure for China’s basic education and analyze its balanced development condition. As the research
shows, China’s basic education is undergoing an unbalanced development due to diversified factors, which is mainly reflected
as follows: firstly, the budget educational public expenditure presents a four-tiered appearance of the strong, the less strong,
the less weak and the weak, which lead to a great discrepancy between the two opposing extremes; secondly, the compulsory
education in rural areas is still confronted with great difficulties; thirdly, the general senior secondary education is loaded
with the crisis of unbalance. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a balanced development policy framework of the basic
education and pay close attention to the benefit and effectiveness of the educational input. In addition, it is also important
to clearly stipulate the criterion of the government’s educational allocation and to support the disadvantaged areas in order
to promote the balanced development of the basic education.
__________
Translated from Education Research, 2005:9 相似文献
15.
Solvejg Jobst 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2005,6(4):385-402
EUROPEAN CONSCIOUSNESS: TOWARDS DEFINING A COMPLEX CONCEPT AND ITS EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE – The present study aims at a
definition of ‘European consciousness’. In particular, it draws on Henri Tajfel’s theory of social identity as well as Roland
Wakenhut’s and Jutta Gallenmüller’s moral determination of national consciousness. European consciousness is then defined
as a sense of belonging which, depending on certain identification structures and social perspectives, can take such distinct
forms of moral consciousness as ‘Eurocentrism’, ‘European patriotism’, or ‘reflective European consciousness’. Making reference
to Wolfgang Klafki’s notion of general education, it is finally argued that the emancipatory contribution of schooling to
greater European integration consists in mediating precisely this last way of thinking. 相似文献
16.
Animation has great potential for improving the way people learn. A number of studies in different scientific disciplines
have shown that instruction involving computer animations can facilitate the understanding of processes at the molecular level.
However, using animation alone does not ensure learning. Students sometimes miss essential features when they watch only animations,
mainly due to the cognitive load involved. Moreover, students seem to attribute a great deal of authority to the computer
and may develop misconceptions by taking animations of abstract concepts too literally. In this study, we attempted to explore
teachers’ perceptions concerning the use of animations in the classroom while studying biotechnological methods, as well as
the teachers’ contribution to the enactment of animations in class. Thirty high-school biotechnology teachers participated
in a professional development workshop, aimed at investigating how teachers plan for and support learning with animation while
studying biotechnological methods in class. From that sample, two teachers agreed to participate in two case studies aimed
at characterizing teachers’ contribution to the enactment of animations in class while studying biotechnological methods.
Our findings reveal marked teacher contribution in the following three aspects: establishing the “hands-on” point of view,
helping students deal with the cognitive load that accompanies the use of animation, and implementing constructivist aspects
of knowledge construction while studying using animations. 相似文献
17.
Bev Rogers 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2003,30(2):65-87
Educational research has been criticised by governments and practitioners. For some politicians and policy makers, there is
a tendency to look for direct links between research and successful, effective and efficient practice. Research is needed
to inform their evidence-based practice as policy makers, and to provide the kind of research teachers need to base their
practice on the best available evidence for doing ‘x rather than y’ (Hargreaves 1996) or predicting the ‘size of the effect
of A on B’ (Blunkett 2000). There is no doubt that both teachers and policy makers do make decisions on a daily basis based
on some form of evidence. This paper explores Hargreaves’ notion of evidence-based practice, providing a range of criticisms.
It also examines Carr’s historical account of ‘praxis’ and ‘poiesis’ to suggest a notion of evidence-based praxis based partly
on the historical notion of ‘phronesis’ — practical wisdom. The basis for this is the argument that wise and practical ethical
and moral judgements are central to an understanding of teachers’ daily work. What to do in a specific educational situation
cannot be determined solely by theoretical beliefs or by ‘techne’. However the ethical dimension is not the only consideration.
The paper suggests that evidence-based praxis use Stenhouse’s notion of ‘actionable evidence’, which includes the ethical
dimension, but also Thomson’s concept of ‘thisness’, which describes the unique contextual characteristics of a school. If
disadvantaged schools can make some sort of difference to learning opportunities for students, it is argued that teachers
might engage in evidence-based praxis which involves them in reflecting on, and theorising what is happening in classrooms,
schools and neighbourhoods. This ‘praxis’ also involves them in modifying their theories, critically analysing ‘what works’,
questioning how they know and developing ideas about how things might be done differently. There will be an element of developing
knowledge about teaching and learning strategies (Hargreaves’ ‘body of knowledge’), but it will be in the context of the ethical
and moral dilemmas associated with education. It will take up the question of local differences as well as a realistic approach
to what constitutes actual school improvement. Evidence-based praxis is also essentially a collective activity not an individual
approach. Future development of the notion of evidence-based praxis might also include involving students in a more reciprocal
and open learning process like that highlighted by researchers who focus on student participation linked to school reform. 相似文献
18.
Cristine A. Smith Rebecca Paulson Stone Sarah Kahando 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2012,25(2):533-555
Delaying girls’ early marriage is a critical public health and education goal in developing countries, in which their own or their mothers’ education may play an important role. This paper reviews the existing evidence of any relationship between girls’ schooling or women’s literacy education and delayed marriage for themselves or their daughters. The majority of research reports focus on the correlation between girls’ schooling and brides’ age at first marriage. But it is conceivable that adult women’s/mothers’ literacy education also has considerable influence on the age at which their daughters are married. Since this aspect has hitherto not been explicitly investigated, the authors propose a model – based on relevant research about the outcomes of girls’ schooling and women’s literacy education – of the mechanisms that mediate between women’s education and delayed marriage for their daughters. The authors argue for research that will inform policy makers interested in helping girls complete secondary schooling about the potential contributions of adult women’s literacy education to this goal. 相似文献
19.
Variable refractive index in environment matte 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ZHAO Ming-tian XIAO Shuang-jiu YANG Xu-bo MA Li-zhuang 《浙江大学学报(A卷英文版)》2006,7(7):1160-1167
INTRODUCTION Digital matting and compositing is a popular technique in the film industry, with which we can separate a foreground object, including both its color and opacity, from a background image. The descrip- tion of the separated foreground object is named digital matte. Smith and Blinn (1996) proposed the blue screen matting technique. They formally de- scribed the mathematical solution to the digital mat- ting problem, when either some constraints on the foreground color or a pair… 相似文献
20.
Siegel S 《Learning & behavior》2008,36(3):242-252
According to Spence, the learning researcher’s task is to explain the relationship between experimental variables and behavior
changes occurring with practice. Spence eschewed biological speculation. In contrast, for a biologist, “explanation” consists
of ascertaining how the observed behavior increases reproductive success. Fundamental to achieving reproductive success is
survival to sexual maturity, and such survival depends on homeostatic mechanisms attenuating the effects of physiological
disturbances that threaten existence. Drugs are one way of disrupting homeostatic functioning, and studies of drug effects
indicate that homeostatic mechanisms are engaged not just by pharmacological perturbations, but also by stimuli that signal
such perturbations. Similarly, we attenuate the effects of a variety of nonpharmacological stimuli by such anticipatory homeostatic
adjustments. The learning researcher is a homeostasis researcher. 相似文献