Effects of institutionalization on the self‐concept and outerdirectedness of adolescents with mental retardation

Abstract

Some professionals have used empirical work indicating that institutions have deleterious effects on their mentally retarded residents to support deinstitutionalization. In the present study, we compared 17 institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents with 29 noninstitutionalized mentally retarded adolescents on measures of self‐image and outerdirectedness. We found no deleterious effects of institutionalization on the global self‐image or on self‐image scores in the cognitive, social, or physical abilities content areas. For both groups, however, global scores were higher than scores in the social and physical abilities domains. Overall, institutionalized adolescents were no more dependent on external cues in solving problems (i.e., outerdirected) than were noninstitutionalized adolescents. We found, however, an interaction effect indicating that at higher mental ages, institutionalized, relative to noninstitutionalized, adolescents relied more on external cues. The results suggest that the effects of institutionalization may be dependent on numerous factors including the specific area of adjustment assessed, the developmental level of the individual, and the quality of the institution.     

Environmental Education in the United States: A Survey of Preservice Teacher Education Programs

Abstract

The status of the environmental education component of preservice teacher education programs is unknown nationally. This study surveyed 715 institutions of teacher education using a mail questionnaire. The response rate was approximately 63%. The results indicate that most schools have few requirements related to environmental education, and in the majority of schools environmental education is not institutionalized.     

How Much Do Good Early Childhood Programs Cost'

Although elementary schools have firmly institutionalized programs for children aged 5 and older, the United States is still developing operating public definitions for programs for children below age 5. These programs include public school prekindergarten programs, Head Start programs, and child care homes and centers. This article estimates the per-child and aggregate costs of providing good programs to the populations of young children who need them, specifically: (a) full public funding for part-time programs for 3- and 4-year-olds in poverty with parents who are not in the labor force; (b) full public funding for full-time programs for children under 5 in poverty with employed parents; and (c) both public and private funding for full-time programs for non-poor children under5 whose parents are employed. The article does not estimate program costs for non-poor families of children under 5 whose parents are not employed. It appears that the United States now spends only half of the public and private dollars needed to provide good early childhood programs and thereby may well be sacrificing the potential for a substantial return on investment.     

Educational themes in the writings of Francis hopkinson 1

Collaboration between Miami University's School of Education and Allied Professions and multiple P-12 schools in the region has been institutionalized through the Institute for Educational Renewal (IER). The IER has provided a powerful means to address the puzzle of school reform and the need for simultaneous renewal of schools and educator-preparation programs. The IER partnership is described, an example of work at 2 schools is provided, and a sample day in the life of a university faculty member who is highly involved in collaboration is depicted.     

A functional analysis of presidential television spots: A comparison of Korean and American ads

This study applies the Functional Theory of Political Campaign Discourse to the television spots from the 2002 Korean presidential campaign. TV ads appear to have become an institutionalized component of the Korean presidential campaign; as yet no study has examined the most recent Korean presidential ads. Like American candidates, Korean presidential candidates rely more on acclaims (positive utterances) than attacks (negative statements). They also rarely defend in spots. The incumbent party candidate, Roh, offered more acclaims than the challenger Lee, whereas the challenger Lee used more attacks than did Roh. However, unlike American candidates (who emphasized policy over character), policy (issue) and character (image) were almost equally discussed in Korean advertisements. Unlike American presidential candidates, the winner in Korea in 2002 emphasized character more than policy. It is clear that presidential campaign messages from these two cultures possess both similarities and differences.     

闲暇·德性·现代德育

闲暇生活由于具有自由与自为的特性而更能体现人的德性及其对德性精神的理解。工业化社会追求效率的原则驱逐了生活中的闲暇,也放逐了闲暇道德。现代德育也以注重工作及制度化生活的引导与规约为主要议题,因而导致了人的制度化生活与闲暇生活以及人的德性发展的不和谐状态。从和谐德性与人性发展的角度来讲,德育改革应该关注闲暇德性。     

A national profile of school-based transition programs for deaf adolescents.

In this study, the transition programs of 326 secondary educational programs for deaf and severely hearing-impaired adolescents were surveyed. Three types of programs were surveyed: residential, mainstream, and "other" (a combination of the first two programs). Sixty-four items depicting desirable transition characteristics were included in the survey, and each item was rated by the programs on a value scale and an implementation scale. Analyses of variance were calculated to determine if there were statistically significant differences among the three program types for each individual survey item on the two rating scales. Based on the data, it appears that the residential schools had higher implementation rates than the mainstream and other programs. All three respondent groups valued the transition items more than they had implemented them (i.e., the value scores were higher than the implementation scores). The data point out the need for researchers and educators to develop and implement more effective transition programs for deaf and severely hearing-impaired students.     

我国远程教育印刷教材的发展历史

我国制度化的远程教育出现和发展已经经历了一个多世纪的历程,在函授教育、广播电视教育和网络远程教育三个阶段,我国远程教育印刷教材呈现出不同的特点.本文通过文献调研和对实物教材样本的研究,分析了三个阶段远程教育印刷教材的建设情况,从民国时期和建国初期的摸索,到广播电视教育时期的规范化发展,再到网络远程教育时期对一体化教材的重视和试点高校的参与,我国远程教育印刷教材开发正走向规范化.但远程教育印刷教材应该受到应有的重视,其设计开发原则应进一步细化.     

Faculty development in the United States

This report gives an overview of faculty development in the United States during the past 30 years and suggests what remains to be done before this movement becomes fully institutionalized in American higher education.Jerry G. Gaff is Vice President at the Association of American Colleges. His degrees are at DePauw University (A.B.) and Syracuse University (Ph.D.) with specialization in psychology. He helped pioneer the establishment of campus-based faculty development programs in the 1970s, has worked on improving undergraduate general education programs, and currently directs a new project to prepare future faculty members for their roles in teaching and service, as well as research. Ronald D. Simpson is Director of the Office of Instructional Development at The University of Georgia, where he also is professor of Higher Education and Science Education. He holds degrees from The University of Tennessee and The University of Georgia.     

Effects of Perinatal HIV Infection and Early Institutional Rearing on Physical and Cognitive Development of Children in Ukraine

To study the effects of perinatal HIV-1 infection and early institutional rearing on the physical and cognitive development of children, 64 Ukrainian uninfected and HIV-infected institutionalized and family-reared children were examined (mean age = 50.9 months). Both HIV infection and institutional care were related to delays in physical and cognitive development, with a larger effect of the rearing environment. Family care, even of compromised quality, was found to be more favorable for children's physical and cognitive development than institutional care. The impact of the quality of child care on physical and cognitive development is discussed in light of future interventions.     

Neural Correlates of Face Familiarity in Institutionally Reared Children With Distinctive,Atypical Social Behavior

Although the impact of early adverse experience on neural processing of face familiarity has been studied, research has not taken into account disordered child behavior. This work compared the neural processing of familiar versus strangers' faces in 47 institutionalized children with a mean age of 54 months to determine the effects of (a) the presence versus absence of atypical social behavior and (b) inhibited versus indiscriminant atypical behavior. Results revealed a pattern of cortical hypoactivation in institutionalized children manifesting atypical social behavior and that inhibited children displayed larger neural response to a caregiver's face than to the stranger's, while indiscriminant children did not discriminate between stimuli. These findings suggest that neural correlates of face familiarity are associated with social functioning in institutionalized children.     

The status of sign language instruction in institutions of higher education: 1994-2004

Surveys of sign language programs in institutions of higher education in the United States, conducted in 1994 and 2004, are compared to reveal changes over time. Data are presented concerning the institutional environment of programs, program administrators, and instructors. Institutions examined in 2004 were on average 5 years older than those examined in 1994. More institutions accepted sign language for general education and foreign language requirements. Program administrators in 2004 were more likely to have primary duties as teachers rather than administrators, and to have greater understanding of the subject matter. Faculty in 2004 had more education and teaching experience. Full-time faculty showed increases in the proportion who were Deaf and the proportion who were in tenure-track positions. Program staff size increased. Overall, evidence indicates that sign language has become more accepted as an academic discipline and that programs are more entrenched at their institutions.     

Connecting teacher development and school improvement: ironic consequences of a preservice action research course

This article describes the author's attempts to strengthen connections between teacher development and school improvement in a preservice course requirement. The context is an action research course taught during the final semester of a two-year masters degree, cohort program. Hired into the school system as full-time instructional assistants, students in the course were more knowledgeable about and more integrated into the life of their schools than traditional student teachers. While the course goals were partially successful, ironic consequences occurred. Students could not study simultaneously their own teaching and school improvement efforts. By documenting what went on in the course, examining text materials, and analyzing school contexts, the author finds some answers in the ways in which teaching is conceptualized and institutionalized.     

Effects of Fishing Education Programs on Antecedents of Responsible Environmental Behavior

Abstract

The authors surveyed 619 participants in a national fishing education program (Hooked on Fishing-Not on Drugs) designed for youth in Grades 6-8. The survey of the youth assessed fishing and aquatic stewardship outcomes associated with different levels of program exposure (i.e., no program, programs without fishing, and programs with fishing). Youth who participated in programs that included experience-based fishing were more likely to report several desired fishing and stewardship outcomes. These data support the assumption that such programs are more likely to influence antecedents to environmentally responsible behavior than are programs without experience-based fishing.     

Family income, parent education, and perceived constraints as predictors of observed program quality and parent rated program quality

Observed child care quality and parent perceptions of child care quality received by children in poor (below Federal Poverty Line, FPL), low-income (between FPL and 200% of FPL), and non-low-income families were examined. Observations were completed in 359 center- and home-based child care programs in four Midwestern states and surveys were received from 1313 parents whose children were enrolled in these programs. Multilevel structural equation modeling revealed that programs with higher proportions of low-income families tend to have lower observed quality than programs with a higher proportion of non-low-income families. Programs with more educated parents tended to have better observed quality, however, more educated parents tended to have lower perceptions of quality.     

Student Participation in Nursing Programs: a Study of their Social Composition Since the Transfer to Colleges of Advanced Education in New South Wales

This paper compares the social origins of 400 nursing students in hospital‐based and 448 nursing students in college‐based programs in New South Wales. Using a specially constructed composite socioeconomic variable for comparison, the preliminary analysis suggests that a middle class bias, presumed to exist by some in the selection of recruits to hospital‐based programs, does not operate in the selection of college recruits. The soundly equitable college recruitment pattern is more marked for females than males. There is a greater proportion recruited to college programs from the group who have delayed entry for more than ten years after leaving school. For students entering directly from school, no significant difference was found in the composite socioeconomic variable in hospital and college programs. The findings also suggest that college programs are more attractive than hospital programs to males entering directly from school.     

College and university requirements for teachers of the deaf at the undergraduate level: a twenty-year comparison

College and university requirements for undergraduate deaf education teacher preparation programs from 1986 and 2006 were compared. Thirty percent fewer undergraduate programs were in existence in 2006 than in 1986. Compared to programs in the 1986-1987 academic year, programs in 2006-2007 placed less emphasis on course work related to speech and hearing and more emphasis on the development of sign language skills. These findings are discussed in relation to the increasing probability that future employment for program graduates will be in itinerant and resource placements within public schools with children whose hearing losses are less severe than those of children in the past.     

The Relations of Early Television Viewing to School Readiness and Vocabulary of Children from Low-Income Families: The Early Window Project

For two cohorts of children from low- to moderate-income families, time-use diaries of television viewing were collected over 3 years (from ages 2-5 and 4-7 years, respectively), and tests of reading, math, receptive vocabulary, and school readiness were administered annually. Relations between viewing and performance were tested in path analyses with controls for home environment quality and primary language (English or Spanish). Viewing child-audience informative programs between ages 2 and 3 predicted high subsequent performance on all four measures of academic skills. For both cohorts, frequent viewers of general-audience programs performed more poorly on subsequent tests than did infrequent viewers of such programs. Children's skills also predicted later viewing, supporting a bidirectional model. Children with good skills at age 5 selected more child-audience informative programs and fewer cartoons in their early elementary years. Children with lower skills at age 3 shifted to viewing more general-audience programs by ages 4 and 5. The results affirm the conclusion that the relations of television viewed to early academic skills depend primarily on the content of the programs viewed.     

语块与高级英语学习者写作质量关系的实证研究

采用实证研究的形式分析高级英语学习者写作中语块的使用情况与写作质量之间的关系。结果显示：高级英语学习者中高分组比低分组使用了更多的语块;高、低分组中,学生使用最多的是句子构建语块,其次是短语架构语块,多元词语块次之,使用最少的是习俗语语块。组间比较显示,高分组中的句子建构语块的使用明显高于低分组,短语架构语块、多元词语块和习俗语语块的使用情况无明显差异;语块的四种形式中,只有句子构建语块与写作质量之间存在正相关性。     

论学校制度的人性化管理功能

人性化管理是建立在学校制度化管理基础之上而非和制度化相对立的管理,制度是人性化管理的基石,制度化管理是人性化管理的重要组成部分。制度自身蕴含着人性化的因素,是最富人性化的管理手段。学校管理能否发挥制度的人性化管理功能,取决于学校是否建立了完善但简约的制度体系、制度制定的程序是否规范、制度内容是否合理、制度执行是否坚决与公平。