The Role of Agent and Social Context in Judgments of Freedom of Speech and Religion

This study examined children's, adolescents', and college students' judgments of the rights of child and adult agents to freedom of speech and religion in 3 social contexts: the general level of society, the school, and the family. Two hundred forty participants, evenly divided into 5 grade levels (mean ages 6,6, 8,5,10,6,12,4, and 22,7) made judgments of the legitimacy of authority prohibition, rule evaluation, generalizability, and rule violation for all freedom/social context/agent combinations. Concepts of freedom of speech and religion were found to emerge in the early elementary school years, and endorsements of freedoms were increasingly affected by social context and agent with age. College students were less likely than any other age group to affirm children's freedom of religion in the family context. Considerations of the mental competence and maturity of agents and the potential for harm to ensue from acting on freedoms played an important part in the decisions of older, but not younger, participants.     

美国大学教师的学术自由与公民自由辨析

在美国,公民自由中的言论自由往往被认为是学术自由的法源。美国大学教师学术自由的确立过程,始终存在着围绕公民自由的争论,进而也必然引起对两者适用范围的争议。同时,由于经常受到政治因素的干扰和影响,也加剧了美国大学教师的学术自由与公民自由在边界上的漂移不定。     

Constructing citizenship in post-conflict contexts: the cases of Liberia and Rwanda

In post-conflict and fragile contexts, one central aim of education is to prepare citizens to rebuild society and manage conflict. In this paper, we discuss the ways that citizenship education, students’ civic attitudes, and student civic practices vary across two post-conflict contexts in Africa: Liberia and Rwanda. First, we consider the historical and current complexities of citizenship education in these countries drawing on a post-colonial framework and Osler and Starkey’s three dimensions of citizenship. Next, we discuss survey and interview data from secondary students based on separate multi-level case studies in the respective countries. We note differences and similarities in student conceptions of good citizenship, civic identity, classroom climate, and civic engagement across the two countries, as well as variation by school type and gender. Some notable findings included less active conceptions of citizenship and openness to discussing controversial issues in Rwanda than in Liberia, and less participation in out of school activities among young women than young men. These and other results highlight differing contextual values of development, security, freedom of speech, and civic action and the overall importance of citizenship education in a post-conflict context.     

Children's Judgments of Flags and Flag-Burning

This study examined children's conceptions of flags as social conventions and understandings of the symbolic and psychological consequences associated with transgressions toward flags. Seventy-two children, at 6, 8, and 10 years, answered general questions about flags as social conventions and judged flag-burning scenarios in which intentions of agents and consequences for recipients were varied. Flag-burning acts were motivated by symbolic, accidental, or instrumental intentions and occurred in public or private. Children at all ages viewed flags as social conventions (i.e., alterable), and symbolic acts of flag-burning occurring in public locations were judged more negatively than private transgressions. Age differences were found in evaluations of instrumental violations and in justifications used to evaluate flag-burning incidents. Overall, findings suggest that despite age-related increases in understanding of flags as meaningful collective symbols, children at all ages considered transgressions to be important and to have moral consequences (i.e., psychological harm).     

The politics of adult education: state,economy and civil society

There has been a recent general resurgence of interest in civil society, a resurgence that is also found in adult education. Radical adult educators, in particular, view civil society as the privileged sphere of radical learning and social change. It is seen as the site to engage in democratic struggle, social movements and political change. This new elevation of civil society is tied into a wider crisis on the political left ? the crisis of socialism. This crisis is reflected in the wider debates on the politics of civil society, a debate centred on the differences between Marxist and post-Marxist definitions of civil society. The purpose of this paper is to clarify this debate, and outline its implications for adult education theory and practice. To this end, the paper examines the history of the civil society idea, a history demonstrating that analyses of civil society need to be placed alongside understandings of the state and the market. These understandings of political and economic society provide the bases for two very different political agendas - socialism and radical democracy. The paper discusses how these two agendas impact on adult education, in particular how different analyses of the state/economy/civil society relationship suggest divergent conceptions of social conflict.     

隐私权与新闻自由

隐私权作为民事法律关系中的一项基本权利,已经得到各国法律的广泛承认与保护,但我国民事立法领域却没有对其进行系统、详细的规定.当前新闻传播越来越自由,隐私权与新闻自由的冲突不可避免.本文分析了隐私权和新闻自由的相互关系以及二者产生冲突的原因,借鉴国际上保护和协调隐私权与新闻自由的立法和实践,对如何完善我国相关立法提出了一些可行性建议.     

ECA's seventy‐fifth anniversary volume: A special review

In this special book review, Communication Quarterly's Book Review Editor, Gerald M. Phillips, assesses the volume commissioned by the Eastern Communication Association to commemorate ECA's seventy‐fifth anniversary. Designed to reflect the diversity of the discipline of communication, part one is composed of twelve chapters and surveys contemporary research and theory in rhetoric, the social sciences, oral interpretation, freedom of speech and civil liberties, media and speech education. Part two, composed of five chapters, provides an overview of the organizational and conceptual issues guiding the way in which this profession organizes its knowledge. Professor Phillips concludes that, “It is a book we can be proud of, because it is well done by first‐rate scholars.”     

Common Themes and Cultural Variations in Japanese and American Mothers' Speech to Infants

This study explored both universal features and cultural variation in maternal speech. Japanese and American mothers' speech to infants at 6, 12, and 19 months was compared in a cross-sectional study of 60 dyads observed playing with toys at home. Mothers' speech in both cultures shared common characteristics, such as linguistic simplification and frequent repetition, and mothers made similar adjustments in their speech to infants of different ages. American mothers labeled objects more frequently and consistently than did Japanese mothers, while Japanese mothers used objects to engage infants in social routines more often than did American mothers. American infants had larger noun vocabularies than did Japanese infants, according to maternal report. The greater emphasis on object nouns in American mothers' speech is only partially attributable to structural differences between Japanese and English. Cultural differences in interactional style and beliefs about child rearing strongly influence the structure and content of speech to infants.     

社会公德与现代公民社会

现代公民社会是社会发展的必然趋势。目前我国正逐渐步入公民社会,公民道德建设正成为当前我国社会道德建设的重心。面对当前由于时代价值的多元化及社会转型期新旧道德原则转换所导致的社会道德混乱、道德滑坡现象,急需建立起一套适合这种共处生存方式的普适性的道德体系和准则。遵守社会公德,既是现代公民必须履行的道德义务,更是公民基本道德素质的体现。文章探讨了加强公德建设的若干途径,加速我国公民社会的现代化。     

宪法语境下的住宅自由权

公民住宅权是人身自由权的延伸,根据国际规范,对其进行限制除有法律明文规定外,还需遵循正当理由、合理程序和比例原则。在我国,急需以法律形式规范最有可能造成住宅权侵犯的行政行为。     

南岳佛道抗战与启示

任何宗教都无法超越尘世,一切社会存在都是其必须求证和超度的涅槃。其彰显的伦理道德、慈善与平等等价值观,以及现实中对主流文明的普遍适应性,是其生存的基础与根本。依靠人民群众,团结一切可以团结的力量,是中国共产党进行社会革命和社会主义建设的重要法宝。1939年的南岳佛道抗战很好地演绎了这些特性,而这些特性依然是我们现阶段需要遵循的基点,并不断赋予其新的时代内涵。     

近代绥远地区的民教冲突：－也说义和团运动爆发的原因

长期以来天主教在传播过程中与绥远地区民众发生的冲突，尤其是在化和风俗习惯上的冲突是义和团运动在缓远地区爆发并得到迅速发展的主要的根本的原因，无论是土地问题上的冲突还是日常民事纠纷在一定情况下都是可以解决的，而化、风俗习惯上的冲突则是不可调的，它可能造成不同化群体之间的对立，从而形成所有社会成员（不论其是否有直接的利益冲突）之间的冲突，由此我们也就可以更好地理解义和团运动的群众性了。     

Children's Understanding of Guild and Shame

Children's conceptions of the self-conscious emotions guilt versus shame were investigated. In Study 1, 10–12-year-old children answered questions about scenarios that should elicit feelings of guilt and/or shame (moral transgressions and social blunders). In Study 2, 7–9- and 10–12-year-old children completed a sorting task to ascertain the features they associate with guilt and shame. Feelings of guilt were aroused by moral norm violations. Guilt feelings were also seen as involving an approach-avoidance conflict with respect to the victim, self-criticism, remorse, desire to make amends, and fear of punishment. Feelings of shame resulted from both moral transgressions and social blunders. Younger children associated shame with embarrassment, blushing, ridicule, and escape. Older children additionally characterized shame as feeling stupid, being incapable of doing things right, and not being able to look at others.     

“人肉搜索”的伦理得失

在网络时代,以信息技术和网络技术为基础、以符号为中介的“人肉搜索”实现了交往史上的伟大变革。在现代价值体系中评估“人肉搜索”的伦理得失,探索“人肉搜索”主体道德自律的途径,对于倡导一种积极的公民自由观,具有重要意义。     

British adolescents' and young adults' understanding and reasoning about the religious and nonreligious rights of asylum-seeker youth

This study examined British young people's understanding of the rights of asylum-seeking young people. Two hundred sixty participants (11-24 years) were read vignettes involving asylum-seeking young people's religious and nonreligious self-determination and nurturance rights. Religious rights were more likely to be endorsed than nonreligious rights. In general, younger participants were more likely than older participants to endorse the rights of asylum-seeking young people. Supporting a social cognitive domain approach, patterns of reasoning varied with the type of right and whether scenarios involved religious or nonreligious issues. Few developmental differences were found regarding participants' reasoning about asylum-seeking young people's religious or nonreligious rights. The findings are discussed with reference to available theory and research on young people's conceptions of rights.     

Preschool Teachers' Perceptions about Conflict Resolution, Autonomy, and the Group in Four Countries: United States, Colombia, El Salvador, and Taiwan

Preschool teachers (N = 160) in four countries (U.S., Colombia, El Salvador, and Taiwan) were surveyed about their views of conflict resolutions for moral and social-conventional conflicts, providing choice in the classroom (autonomy), maintaining a sense of the group, and general pedagogical aims of early childhood education. The findings revealed cultural similarities regarding conflict resolution intervention techniques and providing choice in the classroom. Cultural differences were found for maintaining the group and encouraging traditional group values. The items regarding the general pedagogical aims revealed a mixture of cultural differences and similarities. The results have implications for formulating generalizable goals for facilitating social and moral development in early childhood development and education.     

Japanese mothers' views of young children's areas of personal discretion

Sixty-four Japanese mothers of 3- to 6-year-olds were interviewed concerning their conceptions of children's areas of personal control. Mothers granted children choices regarding recreational activities, clothes, and friends to foster autonomy and competence, but they set limits around daily routines, recreational activities, and interpersonal confrontation based on moral, conventional, and prudential concerns. Mothers believed in reaffirming children's personal boundaries when children failed to follow through with their initial decisions. Mothers experienced conflict with children around daily routines and recreational activities and used various resolution strategies. Mothers perceived child resistance as egocentric whereas fewer considered it as establishing personal boundaries. Some age and gender differences were observed. Results supported the heterogeneity of social judgments and practices of individuals within cultures.     

明治时代前期宪政思想论略

在明治时代，随着天皇制绝对主义政权的逐步确立，日本社会各阶层围绕着权利再分配的宪政问题，展开了激烈的斗争。在“启蒙期”培养起来的思想家们的宣传鼓动下，天赋人权、自由、平等等西方资产阶级民主思想渗入社会各阶层，最终酿成一场规模巨大的自由民权运动。在运动中提出许多带有民主色彩的制宪原则，力图创造出一个与绝对主义政权异质的崭新国家形态。但是，由于运动领导自身的先天不足和弱点，最终都回归到支持天皇制政权建立这一出发点上。     

The development of reasoning about the teaching of values in school and family contexts

This study investigated children's, adolescents', and young adults' reasoning about the teaching of a variety of values in the school and family contexts. One-hundred and sixty participants in four age groups (8-, 10-, and 13-year-olds, and college students) evaluated acts involving the teaching of values and laws that regulate the teaching of these values. Both the valence (positive or negative) of values and the context in which they were presented (school, family) were systematically varied. Results showed that a variety of factors were considered in evaluating the teaching of values, including context, the valence of the value, and the type of value being taught. Participants' reasoning about values education was found to be multifaceted and included distinctions between moral values that reflect justice and rights, and values that reflect other forms of personality traits and social values. The findings suggest that conceptions of values education may be better understood within models of social reasoning that draw distinctions between types of values (e.g., moral and other values) and account for the increasing capacity to differentiate social contexts and spheres of legitimate governmental regulation with development.     

微博公众人物的伦理责任探析

随着微博进一步深入生活,公众为进一步实现“言论自由”而欣喜的同时,也开始为“过度”自由而引起的传播伦理问题而担忧。微博公众人物作为社会道德的引领者,应该承担更多的社会责任,比如要更严格地遵循真实传播、理性评论、文明表达等传播学基本原则,谨慎行使言论自由权;还要成为公众的道德引导者,以实现自我价值与社会价值的统一。社会大众可以对微博公众人物的传播行为进行监督,并就其失范、失德行为进行批评及合法声讨。