有氧耐力与分子遗传学的研究进展

人体的运动能力有许多外部表现，根据这些外部表现及其生理、生化基础人们制定了许多标准和指标用以选材。但在实际工作中不易操作。人体的运动能力都受基因的控制，在基因上都有特定的遗传标志和特征，根据这些基因特征进行选材不但准确、而且简单。随着分子生物学技术的发展和突破，研究者正把这一方法用于实践。     

足球运动中的有氧耐力

本文对有氧耐力在现代足球中的作用,进行论述分析,以此为中国足球运动在发展有氧耐力方面提供一些理论依据。一、论述与分析有氧耐力训练的目的,在于提高运动员机体输送氧的能力,促进有机体的新陈代谢,为提高运动员负荷提供一定的前提条件。根据运动时间的长短来划分,足球运动属于有氧耐力的项目。现代足球比赛具有对抗剧烈、技战术复杂等特点,同时参加运动的关节比较多、比赛时间长、体能消耗多。运动员在比赛中跑动距离可达到10000米以上,还要在跑动     

ACC-β/CPT- 1β基因多态性与有氧耐力的相关性研究

目的：探讨乙酰辅酶A 羧化酶-β（ACC-β）和肉碱脂酰转移酶- 1β（CPT- 1β）基因多态性与有氧耐力的相关性,寻找与有氧耐力表型相关 的遗传学分子标记。方法：应用基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱检测技术,对123 名中国北方汉族优秀长跑运动员与127 名中国北方汉族 普通大学生ACC-β 和CPT- 1β 基因区的5 个SNP 位点进行解析并比较分析。结果：运动员组5 个SNP 位点的基因型和等位基因频率与对照组 相比均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。ACC-β 基因的rs2300455 和rs2268393 位点（D'=0.95,r2=0.161）存在强连锁不平衡。CPT- 1β 基因的rs470117 和rs131758 位点（D'=0.98,r2=0.535） 存在强连锁不平衡。构建单体型分析,未发现不同单体型频率与有氧耐力表型相关联。结论：ACC-β 基因rs2075260、rs2300455 和rs2268393 多态位点及CPT- 1β 基因rs470117、rs131758 多态位点与有氧耐力不相关,不能作为耐力表型的遗传标记。     

少年速滑运动员有氧耐力训练

少年速滑运动员的训练是影响我国速滑项目可持续性发展的关键性问题。采用理论与实践相结合的方法,分析少年速滑运动员进行有氧耐力训练的重要性,并指出进行有氧耐力训练时应注意的问题、训练方法和负荷安排,以期为基层教练员指导少年速滑运动员训练提供借鉴。     

补服乳清蛋白对人体有氧耐力的影响

目的:观察运动前补服不同量的乳清蛋白对人体有氧耐力成绩的影响.方法:在单盲设计中,12名健康的体育系男生作为受试者,每次于运动前半小时补服不同补剂(79、14g乳清蛋白,安慰剂),然后进行12min跑的耐力运动,记录每名受试者的成绩.本实验按照补剂的不同分为三组,在三周内完成.结果:补服79、149乳清蛋白与补服安慰剂相比,机体有氧耐力水平出现显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:在运动前补服乳清蛋白饮料可能会提高人体的有氧耐力.     

发展有氧耐力的生理学分析

有氧耐力是指机体从事长时间运动的重要能力，有氧训练可以有效地改善机体的心肺功能，提高神经系统的协调性，发展有氧耐力。本主要阐明了发展有氧耐力的生理学依据以及发展有氧耐力的控制原则。     

有氧耐力训练在职业篮球中的应用

论述有氧耐力训练在职业篮球中的应用,旨在为提高中国男子职业篮球运动员的有氧耐力运动水平提供参考。     

发展有氧耐力的训练方法

游泳运动员的有氧耐力在整个游泳训练中占有重要地位,其训练量（距离）在全年训练量中占主要地位,长距离运动员有氧训练的量所占百分比则更多,如澳大利亚长距离运动员每周的训练计划中有氧训练的量要占到70％。近年来澳大利亚游泳训练成功经验表明。即便是短距离运动员,在赛前减量期也要重视有氧训练。而奥运会50米、100米自由泳金牌得主波波夫的训练指导思想就是：从某种意义上说,游泳是一项耐力运动,因此需要高度地发展有氧能力。     

Moderate-domain pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and endurance running performance

Abstract

The aims of this study were to determine if the primary time constant (τ) for oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂) at the onset of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise is related to endurance running performance, and to establish if τ could be considered a determinant of endurance running performance. Thirty-six endurance trained male runners performed a series of laboratory tests, on separate days, to determine maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O_2max), the ventilatory threshold (V_T) and running economy. In addition, runners completed six transitions from walking (4 km · h^?1) to moderate-intensity running (80% V_T) for the determination of the [Vdot]O₂ primary time constant and mean response time. During all tests, pulmonary gas-exchange was measured breath-by-breath. Endurance running performance was determined using a treadmill 5-km time-trial, after which runners were considered as combined performers (n=36) and, using a ranking system, high performers (n=10) and low performers (n=10). Relationships between τ and endurance running performance were quantified using correlation coefficients (r). Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the primary predictor variables of endurance running performance in combined performers. Moderate correlations were observed between τ, mean response time and endurance running performance, but only for the combined performers (r=?0.55, P=0.001 and r=?0.50, P=0.002, respectively). The regression model for predicting 5-km performance did not include τ or mean response time. The velocity at [Vdot]O_2max was strongly correlated to endurance running performance in all groups (r=0.72 – 0.84, P < 0.01) and contributed substantially to the prediction of performance. In conclusion, the results suggest that despite their role in determining the oxygen deficit and having a moderate relationship with endurance running performance, neither τ nor mean response time is a primary determinant of endurance running performance.     

The Hit & Turn Tennis Test: An acoustically controlled endurance test for tennis players

Abstract

This study was conducted to validate and evaluate the “Hit & Turn Tennis Test”, an acoustically progressive on-court endurance test for tennis players. Ninety-eight competitive tennis players (53 males, 45 females) of different age groups participated in the study. For validation, the adult male players completed three Hit & Turn tests, one on a clay court and two on a carpet surface, a tennis-specific ball machine test and an incremental treadmill run in a randomized order. A stronger correlation between maximal performance (r = 0.81, P < 0.01) and maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.96, P < 0.01) was observed between the Hit & Turn test and the ball machine test, than between the Hit & Turn test and the treadmill test. For test–retest, we found a significant correlation between maximal performance on the same (r = 0.83, P < 0.01) and on different surfaces (r = 0.74, P < 0.01). During test evaluation, maximal performance was higher in males than in females (P < 0.01) and increased by consecutive age group in boys (P < 0.01) but not in girls (P = 0.97). In conclusion, Hit & Turn maximum test performance can be recommended as a valid and reliable indicator for tennis-specific endurance.     

耐力运动中糖和脂肪利用的调节

耐力运动中要保持较高的输出功率必须同时利用糖和脂肪供能。事实上。机体内存在着复杂的机制调节糖和脂肪的利用。试从激素的调节、葡萄糖-脂肪酸循环及丙二酰CoA的调节三个方面来综述耐力运动中糖和脂肪利用的研究进展。     

对耐力公式与长拳速度储备公式互换使用可能性的探讨

本文将蔡国钧的耐力公式运用于长拳运动员速度耐力的测算,与奥卓林的速度储备公式的测算结果进行比较,找出两者的异同;阐明耐力公式取代速度储备公式测定长拳运动员速耐水平的适宜范围,井介绍了互换使用的测算方法。     

The validity of endurance running performance on the Curve 3TM non-motorised treadmill

This study aimed to test the validity of a non-motorised treadmill (NMT) for the measurement of self-paced overground endurance running performance. Ten male runners performed randomised 5-km running time trials on a NMT and an outdoor athletics track. A range of physiological and perceptual responses was measured, and foot strike was classified subjectively. Performance time was strongly correlated (r = 0.82, ICC = 0.86) between running modes, despite running time being significantly longer on the NMT (1264 ± 124 s vs. 1536 ± 130 s for overground and NMT, respectively; P < 0.001). End blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion were significantly higher on the NMT compared to overground. Integrated electromyography was significantly lower on the NMT for three muscles (P < 0.05), and mean stride rate was also significantly lower on the NMT (P = 0.04). Cardiorespiratory responses of heart rate, oxygen uptake and expired air volume demonstrated strong correlations (r = 0.68–0.96, ICC = 0.75–0.97) and no statistical differences (P > 0.05). Runners were consistently slower on the NMT, and as such it should not be used to measure performance over a specific distance. However, the strong correlations suggest that superior overground performance was reflected in relative terms on the NMT, and therefore, it is a valid tool for the assessment of endurance running performance in the laboratory.     

耐力训练对肌球蛋白重链的影响及MyoD、Myogenin的调控作用

为了解耐力训练对肌球蛋白重链(MHC)组成及生肌调节因子MyoD和Myogenin表达的影响,探讨MyoD和Myogenin表达与MHC转换的关系,选用雄性SD大鼠20只,随机分成安静对照组(10只)和耐力训练组(10只)。耐力训练组进行跑台练习:跑台坡度10°,跑速20m/min,每天1次,每次1h,每周训练6d,28d后取浅层胫前肌。SDS-PAGE方法测定MHCⅠ、Ⅱa、Ⅱx、Ⅱb蛋白组成;RT-PCR测定MHCs及MyoD、Myogenin mRNA表达。结果:耐力训练没有改变MHCs蛋白表达,耐力训练后Ⅱx-MHC mRNA表达显著减少(P<0.05);耐力训练使MyoD、Myogenin mRNA均显著下降。结果说明耐力训练使快型MHC基因表达减少;快型MHCⅡx减少可能与MyoD表达下降有关,MyoD和Myogenin可能参与MHC表达的调节。     

对奥运会田径耐力性项群成绩演变的研究

对历届奥运会田径耐力性项群比赛前三名成绩进行整理、统计,对其成绩发展过程及成绩的递进状况进行定量分析和描述,揭示了耐力性项群成绩发展变化特征.各单项成绩演变与训练法的出现是同步进行的,不同的训练方法给田径耐力性项群带来了不同的发展时期.男女各单项速度发展变化有各自特点,发展空间各有不同.