科技人才创新个性品质刍议

个性影响着人的行为，也影响着科技人才的创造性活动。对创新个性系统的构成要素及其在科技创新中的作用进行了分析，探讨了现代科技人才所应具备的优秀创新个性品质，并提出了培养和塑造科技人才创新个性品质的基本途径。     

Agricultural science and technology policy in Africa

This paper addresses the central problem facing agricultural policy makers in Africa today, namely, how to promote self-sustaining processes of growth fueled by technological advances, concentrating on small-scale agricultural production and trade. At bottom, the argument is an epistemological one, but with several practical implications. The dominant theoretical perspective on technical change and innovation in small-scale agriculture (choice under constrained maximization) is argued to be highly effective in identifying problems with small-scale agriculture. But its reliance on equilibrium notions renders it silent on solutions, i.e. each component of an equilibrium affirms the others, very often none more or less critically than the rest. Left vague are the processes through which the low-level technologies that purportedly underpin small-scale agriculture’s problems actually come to be chosen, time and again. An alternative view is proposed, focusing on learning, adaptation, and problem-solving. Scope is thus identified for “out-of-equilibrium” improvements in smallholder production and trading systems, with important implications for policy.     

Sketching together the modern histories of science, technology, and medicine

This essay explores ways to "write together" the awkwardly jointed histories of "science" and "me dicine"--but it also includes other "arts" (in the old sense) and technologies. It draws especially on the historiography of medicine, but I try to use terms that are applicable across all of science, technology, and medicine (STM). I stress the variety of knowledges and practices in play at any time and the ways in which the ensembles change. I focus on the various relations of "science" and "medicine," as they were understood for a succession of periods--from mainly agricultural societies, through industrial societies, to our biomedical present--trying to sketch a history that encompasses daily practices and understandings as well as major conceptual and technical innovations. The model is meant to facilitate inquiry across topics and across times, including those to come.     

Influence of technology on science: a comment on some experiences at IBM research

The stimulation of technological development by scientific discovery is a widely accepted premise. Somewhat less recognized is the inverse relationship, the stimulation of science by technology. Examples of the latter are the advances in thermodynamics following the development of the steam engine by Watt; and the advancement of the understanding of thermionic emission into gases, by Langmuir, following his own invention of the nitrogen-filled electric bulb.In this paper, we discuss several examples of contributions to science at IBM Research which were generated by our technological effort. These are of two types. The first one comprises scientific investigation stimulated by the need to understand some technological problems. Examples are the ‘two-dimensional electron gas’ investigations inspired by the desire to understand the physical properties of the planar field-effect transistors; or contributions to the theory of magnetism stimulated by the advent of ‘magnetic bubbles’ as a promising storage medium. The second type of stimulation of science by technology is the creation of new tools for scientific investigation. Examples are advances in electron-beam microscopy, originating from a search for improved microfabrication techniques; or the development of tunable lasers, coming out of a search for new devices, not necessarily with a computer orientation, and finding a wide range of applications in physics, chemistry and biology.Beyond enumerating several examples such as the above, we have made an attempt to identify factors contributing to the cross-fertilization of science and technology. We propose three as among the most important ones: strong interactions among scientists and technologists; novelty of the technology involved; and initiative coupled with a searching attitude for underlying principes and phenomena on the part of the researchers involved.     

论国家科技发展目标影响下的科学技术活动

国家科技发展目标影响一个国家包括大学研究开发在内的科技活动。讨论改革开放以来我国科技发展的国家目标的变化,分析现代科学技术发展强调国家目标的原因和科学技术活动自身的特点对国家目标的有效性的影响,探讨国家目标对科技活动的双重影响,认为国家科技发展目标的制定和实施也要处理好政府和市场的关系。对于包括大学研究开发在内的科学技术活动来说,除了近市场的技术创新活动需要充分发挥市场的导向作用之外,不与市场接轨、具有溢出效应和公共产品特征、需要政府干预的科学领域还要处理好政府干预与科学技术自身的发展规律、大学自身特点的关系。     

论科学技术学的建构及技术预见学研究

我国科学技术学的建立和发展,应该体现时代科技特征,聚焦科技兴国实践,重视未来学特别是技术预见研究。这将需要关联学科群的体系整合,也需要关联学科群的转型定位。只有关注未来的科技,才能指导科技的未来。     

Decision-making in big science—the development of the high-voltage electron microscope

This paper discusses the science policy implications of the development in the United Kingdom of one recent addition to the range of scientific instrumentation available to metallurgists and biologists — the High Voltage Electron Microscope.This case-study forms part of a larger study carried out at the R & D Research Unit, Manchester Business School for the Department of Education and Science, which is investigating the relationship between scientific techniques and fundamental research. The study shows the influence of prestige and competition as a stimulus towards the development, and concludes that the scale of such “Big Science” developments in this country, as the HVEM may well prove unjustifiable in relation to achieved or anticipated research and other benefits, and that in the future closer public scrutiny needs to be made of alternative funding policies in relation to anticipated benefits.     

科技创新的一般均衡理论——关于科技成果创新度评价的科学计量学分析

通过对经济计量学一般均衡理论方法的引用 ,将科技创新度与市场价格进行类比 ,将科技成果重复率曲线与市场需求曲线进行类比 ,将科技成果引用率曲线与市场供给曲线进行类比 ,提出了科技创新的一般均衡理论。科学家 (工程师 )科技成果重复率曲线和科技成果引用率曲线之间在同一数学坐标系内必然存在一个交叉点 ,并形成一定的均衡状态。据此 ,从科学计量学上我们可以确定和评价科技成果创新的程度。     

促进科技创新范式进化的科技立法变革

制度创新与科技创新之间正向交互促进的变迁历史，证明长期系统的科技立法变革能引领、建构、保障和跟进科技创新范式的进化并形成生态系统性创新范式。我国因促进科技创新范式进化的立法史短而法律量少且有空白，所建构的科技创新主体缺乏多元共生性、创新系统自组织演化动力不足、创新环境开放协调度不高，迫切需要尽快推动科技立法的变革，加大科技立法资源投入，通过法律促进创新主体的多样共生化和科技创新的市场化，明确政府配置科技创新资源的具体职能并提升科技创新环境的开放协同度，促进我国科技创新范式向生态系统性创新范式的进化，为实现科技自立自强奠定制度基础。     

依靠科技不断发展西藏藏药事业——西藏康达药业有限公司记事

1企业概况 　　西藏康达药业有限公司始建于1996年,主要从事藏药现代化研究、藏药产品的开发、生产和经营,主要产品雪山金罗汉止痛涂膜剂已于1998年经国家卫生部批准为国家三类新药,新药证书号:(98)卫药证字Z-026号,2000年列入国家医疗保险药品目录.……     

省部科技合作：从国家科技管理迈向“国家-区域”科技治理

 中国的科技管理模式经历了中央指令型科技管理和政府引导型科技管理两个时期,第二个时期又可以细分为改革阶段,深化改革阶段,省部合作、科技治理阶段3个阶段。导致这一演化的因素是中央与地方政府间合作关系的建立,部分科技产品的准公共属性以及我国科技资源的稀缺性、分散性与浪费等。省部科技合作具有主体上的多中心,对象上的准公共属性以及网络化特征。应建立府际或者跨区域科技协调机构,明确合作治理机制中“中央-地方”的角色定位,以及构建“垂直省部、水平跨域、公私合作”的科技治理网络。     

股权集中度、经理人激励与技术创新选择

基于委托代理理论及技术创新理论,探讨股权集中度对企业技术创新选择的影响。以182家制造企业及高新技术企业数据为样本,利用因子分析及结构方程模型对相关假设进行检验。结果表明:(1)经理人激励在股权集中度和技术创新之间具有中介效应;(2)股权集中度和经理人短期薪酬激励呈负相关,和经理人长期薪酬激励呈正相关;(3)短期薪酬激励不利于突变创新,长期薪酬激励有利于突变创新和渐进创新。     

科学建制化过程与科学家科普责任演变

以历史为线索,探讨科学建制化过程与科学家科普责任演变之关系,指出:科学建制化与科学家科普责任有互动关系,科学建制化程度决定科学家科普责任内容,科学家科普责任的发挥又促进着科学建制化过程。     

科技援疆战略对新疆创新资源聚集效率的影响研究

科技援疆战略是国家引导国内多方创新资源向新疆聚集，促进新疆创新资源聚集效率提升，提高新疆自主创新和自我发展能力的一项重大区域科技援助政策。准确科学评价其实施的“有效性”，不仅对其本身的实施和完善具有重大意义，还对其他国家区域科技援助政策产生借鉴作用。本文基于2003-2019年中国各省份的面板数据，运用双重差分倾向得分匹配法 (PSM-DID) 从创新资源聚集效率视角实证检验了科技援疆战略实施的“有效性”。研究发现，科技援疆战略对新疆创新资源聚集效率产生了显著负向影响，表明科技援疆战略并未促进新疆创新资源聚集效率提高；进一步的影响机制检验结果显示，援疆创新资源配置机制和使用机制在科技援疆战略对新疆创新资源聚集效率影响中具有中介效应，但两大机制未能实现援疆创新资源合理配置和有效利用，导致新疆创新资源聚集陷入了“低效率陷阱”，最终使得科技援疆战略对新疆创新资源聚集效率提高的促进作用难以显现。     

绿色科技:生态时代的规范与学界研究的进展

科技是把双刃剑,它在给人类带来空前的经济繁荣和物质财富的同时,也带来了严重的环境污染和生态破坏。绿色科技正是伴随人类活动对生态环境的负面影响不断加大过程中凸现出来的,其实质是一种可保持人类持续发展的科技体系,是当今时代对科技为经济社会与生态环境的和谐发展服务的方向性引导和生态化规范,它要求一切有害生态环境的生产技术将受到严格限制直至淘汰出局,而无害生态环境的生产技术将得到高度重视直至推广普及,从而加速人类与其生存环境的全面协调与可持续发展的时代进程。     

First-mover advantage and the private value of public science

Technical progress increasingly relies on the use of scientific knowledge. But if much of this knowledge is in the public domain, can it be a source of private value? We find that average private returns to using public science are small, especially in crowded technical fields. This is consistent with the view that the expected profit from an input that competitors can easily access is low. However, private value is higher when a firm is the first to use science, partly because it can secure broader patents relative to later users. Corporate participation in scientific research is a strong predictor of first use, consistent with the view that participation in science raises familiarity with relevant scientific advances.     

Does a focal firm's technology entry timing depend on the impact of the technology on co-opetitors?

In this paper, I explore the role that the impact of a technological change on a firm's co-opetitors plays in the firm's technology entry timing. I hypothesize that where a co-opetitor dominates in the co-opetitor-firm relationship, a firm's technology entry timing does not depend on the impact of the technology on the firm's capabilities as predicted by previous research. Rather, it depends on the impact of the change on the dominant co-opetitor. If the change is incremental to a dominant customer, for example, the focal incumbent firm will start development of the new technology before new entrants, irrespective of whether it is radical or incremental to focal firms. If the change is radical to the dominant co-opetitor, new entrant focal firms will start development of the new technology before incumbent focal firms. I explore these hypotheses using the case of three major technological changes in supercomputers: vector processors, minisupercomputers, and massively parallel processors.     

区域科技浅论

长期以来,国家科技发展偏重于领域科技,而相对忽视区域科技。为此,文章首先对区域科技的内涵进行了界定,并分析了区域科技发展的主要特点;接着分析了发展区域科技的必要性以及典型的发展模式;最后,指出了发展区域科技的现实意义。     

转变主体驱动机制,促进科技成果转化--关于航空航天育种业产业化问题的思考

从计划经济到市场经济的转型时期，如果解决科技成果从研究到商品的转化，对中国的种子行业的产业化是一个重要问题。本文分析了过去计划经济体制下中国种子行业存在的问题，讨论了其目前的状况，最后提出作为新兴技术的航空航天育种解决成果转化的一个思路。     

The role of science in technology transfer

The discussion begins by listing three meanings of technology transfer (TT), involving importation of technological products (TTA), the ability to imitatively produce technological products (TTB), and the ability to create new technology (TTC). This is followed by an investigation of the relationship between science and technology, using a multidimensional conceptual framework in which one cannot ask “What is the cause of something else?”, but in which one can trace the contributory and the necessary conditions for something to take place. In this light it is shown that in modern times science is a necessary condition for technology and vice versa, the links being of a variety of sorts, partly epistemological, partly attitudinal, partly infrastructural. The discussion then turns to technological development, and four stages of that are distinguished: stage 1 rests on traditional trial-and-error-based technology, stage 2 on imitative low-level technology locally performed, stage 3 on imitative high-level technology locally produced, and stage 4 on the creation of novel technology. An anomalous stage involving small oil-rich countries is also mentioned. The role of science in each of these four stages is complex, involving both production and importation of technology, forming both direct and indirect links, having both simultaneous and delayed impacts, and acting also though attitudinal influences. Combining the previous conclusions it is then found that science has an essential role in all three meanings of technology transfer. It is, consequently, urged that organizations for international scientific and technological assistance and cooperation take a broad view and orient their activities to deal with the whole interlocking and interwoven complex of science and technology in the Third World.