科学计量指标在院校管理中的应用、问题与对策

引文分析在中国院校管理中,主要被用于人才评价、学科评价和大学评价。因为科研活动的差异性,所要解决的科学问题难易程度不一,科研产出及其价值也难以具体量化表示。在实际应用过程中,研究者没有重视定性和定量的结合,把科学计量学指标绝对化。把论文和引文局限在科研成果的优劣性评价上, 致使科学计量学指标不能表达其背后所反映的科学研究活动的多样性特征,造成科学计量学在学科和科研的评价中存在广泛的误用。我们应当避免把文献计量学指标对科学研究的归一化评价绝对化,要综合运用多种分析指标,同时也要积极开发文献计量学指标的其他功能。     

DULL AND BACKWARD CHILDREN: POST‐WAR THEORY AND PRACTICE

A survey of mathematics teaching practices in the first four years of the primary school examines teaching methods in relation to patterns of teaching behaviour. It shows how methods combine, how both the use of methods and teaching behaviour vary with school year and pupil ability, and how one method changed over a period of five years. Implications for method‐evaluation and observations on the teacher's reaction to age and ability differences are offered.     

石家庄市商业用地集约利用水平宏观评价

商业用地集约利用水平密切关系着整个城市土地的集约利用水平.对石家庄的商业用地进行评价的评价体系主要包括评价指标和评价方法两方面.评价指标包括物质产出指数、经济效益指数和可持续利用指数;评价方法是通过对我国34个大中城市的商业用地集约利用水平进行横向比较,在可持续利用指数允许的情况下,计算出物质产出指数和经济效益指数的匹配度.评判结果是,石家庄市商业用地的物质产出指数很高,但匹配度很低,商业用地处于过度开发状态.     

Interpersonal Behaviour in Counseling: Client and Counselor Expectations and Experiences Related to Their Evaluation of Session

Expectations and experiences of the interpersonal behaviour between the counselor and the client were investigated in an exploratory study, and related to the evaluation of career counseling sessions with adolescents in a secondary school context in Sweden. The relationship was measured by using the Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour model (SASB). In general, positive evaluation as judged by the clients was found to be related to the clients having more positive expectations and experience of their own and counselors affiliative behaviour. No positive associations between own expected and experienced behaviour and evaluation were found as judged by the counselors. Affiliative behaviour was found to be the most important dimension in predicting evaluation of sessions in a positive way for the clients.     

学习产出视角下高等职业教育学生学习评估探析

高职学生学习产出是指学生经过学习后,其职业知识、职业技能、职业行为及职业道德等方面发生的变化。高职学生学习产出具有职业性、实践性和应用性等特点。以学习产出视角反思当前我国高职学生学习评估现状,需要树立系统化的学习评估理念;学校需要从被评者转变为评估主体和主导者;行业企业和学生需要共同参与以学习产出为核心的学习评估标准制定;学习信息的复杂性和多样性需要采用多元收集方法。     

一种基于模糊理论的教学评价软件的设计

在教学评价中,由于评价指标的设计与量化存在模糊性,可以采用模糊评价方法来建立评价模型,并利用计算机进行评价数据的模糊处理。基于模糊评价理论,在设计应用于教学评价的模糊评价系统中,应充分考虑到数据处理的动态性,并通过定制模板来实现结果输出。     

Working with schools in identifying and overcoming emotional barriers to learning

This paper reports a case study on working closely with a secondary school, to enhance understanding of disruptive behaviour, through the use of bespoke Continuing Professional Development (CPD) materials. This project evolved from the researchers’ previous research on the extent to which teachers believe disruptive pupils can control their behaviour. A notable finding was the sizeable minority of teachers in both primary and secondary schools who appear to be unaware of the psychological underpinnings of disruptive behaviour. That is, that such behaviour frequently communicates unresolved emotional needs, rather than wilful defiance. The current project aims to develop, implement and evaluate CPD resources developed by the researchers, for a one-day staff training day at a secondary school in north England. Prior to training, school staff completed a questionnaire to “audit” their perceptions of disruptive behaviour in school. Following evaluation, the CPD materials will be made available to other schools. It is anticipated that the materials will enable greater mutual understanding and respect for the ways in which disruptive behaviour is perceived by practitioners and school staff. Moreover, they will provide an urgently needed means of facilitating a shared knowledge base and a shared language for addressing emotional barriers to learning.     

课程教学效果评价还是教师教学水平评价——对改革和完善高校教师教学质量评价的思考

评估的定位与目的决定评估的内容与方法,也影响评估结果的使用。应从教学输出的角度把教师教学质量评价定位在评估课程的教学效果而非教师个人的教学水平。保证评价结果真实可信,最重要的是从评估内容及测评权重上优化指标设置的科学性,建立适应不同评价主体、针对不同课程及任课教师的分类指标体系。公开发布评估结果才能使其发挥应有的作用,而敢于公布评估结果的前提是其真实可信。     

Towards Inclusion? Models of Behaviour Support in Secondary Schools in One Education Authority in Scotland

This article draws on data emerging from an evaluation of behaviour support strategies in secondary schools in an education authority in Scotland. The authors all work at the University of Glasgow. Jean Kane has research and teaching interests in the area of special educational needs; she offers consultancy to local authorities in the development of inclusive policies and practices in schools. Dr George Head has research and teaching interests in the area of social, emotional and behavioural difficulties and social inclusion; he is also an experienced teacher. Both Jean Kane and George Head are lecturers in the Faculty of Education. Nicola Cogan is a researcher at the Strathclyde Centre for Disability Research and has a background as a research psychologist in the health sector.
In Scotland, the growth of behaviour support provision is closely related to broader policy on social inclusion. It is argued in this article that new models of behaviour support can be developed in the light of previous and related experience in the development of inclusive support systems in schools. The authors present a typology of behaviour support, drawing upon their evaluation of provision, and discuss the characteristics of the types of support that emerge. Using data from exclusion statistics, pupil case studies and interviews with teachers, managers, pupils and parents, Jean Kane, George Head and Nicola Cogan explore the implications of their work for future developments in support for pupils who present difficult behaviours.     

Formulation and realisation of evaluation policy: inconcistencies and problematic issues

The introduction of the national evaluation system in the Norwegian education system can be described as a shift in the Norwegian educational policy from the use of input oriented policy instruments towards a more output oriented policy. The new tool-kit consists of different evaluation tools, such as standardised tests, diagonistic tests etc. which create new expectations to schools and principals. On the one hand, this article focuses on the policy purposes of the evaluation tools as they are formulated in policy documents. On the other hand, it investigates principals’ perceptions of the use of the evaluation tools to improve student achievements. A text analytic approach focusing on language and discourse is used to analyse policy documents. The analysis of the principals’ perceptions is based on a quantitative analysis of survey data and Structural Equation Modeling is applied as an analytic technique. Based on the analysis, questions can be raised whether all the policy purposes can be fulfilled or whether the tools might produce other effects than the objectives assigned to them. Problematic aspects related to the tools’ modes of regulations and thereby the choice of tools are discussed, as well as inconsistencies between the policy purposes and the use of tools in practice.     

Why Measure Behaviour?

The upsurge in the use of behavioural change techniques with children in education and residential settings has not always involved an equally strong commitment to behavioural measurement (by which is meant quantitative data collection relating to latency, duration or, most often, frequency of the target behaviour in question). This paper outlines several advantages, other than effectiveness evaluation, which accrue from behavioural measurement; in relation to (a) deciding whether to change behaviour, (b) deciding the type of intervention required, (c) assessment of caregiver skills and commitment, (d) therapeutic effects, (e) reinforcement, (f) analysis of critical variables and (g) analysis of caregiver attitudes and behaviour. Case examples are included throughout.     

CASE STUDIES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION: THEIR USE AND EVALUATION

A number of case studies of engineering applications are used in the second, third and fourth years of a four‐year chemical engineering degree course. They require the learner to use existing knowledge of engineering principles to understand situations and to solve problems. They involve the transmission of infonnation and procedures, but their principal aim is the encouragement of behaviour and modes of thought of the kind required of practising engineers.

Comprehension and the completion of assignments are easy to assess, but behaviour modification is not No really satisfactory method of assessment has been identified yet, but some criteria are discussed. Direct evaluation of the learning experiences is similarly difficult and indirect evaluation is based on scrutiny of their aims and of the quality of their design.     

The Effects of a School‐wide Behaviour Management Programme on Teachers’ Use of Encouragement in the Classroom

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a whole school behaviour management programme on teachers’ use of encouragement in the classroom. Given that the performance of the school has become an important dependent variable in school effects research, it follows that interventions which address behaviour management and the improvement of academic performance, have also taken on a school‐wide focus or orientation. In Australia, where this study was conducted, there has been an increased interest in the use of school‐wide behaviour management and discipline programmes, which are characterized by their focus on improving teachers’ classroom management skills. In the present study randomly selected teachers from schools involved in a school‐wide behaviour management programme participated in an experimental evaluation of the effects of the programme. Continuous data collection indicated that the majority of teachers made increases in their use of encouragement over the course of the intervention. However, observations conducted during a follow‐up phase revealed reductions in levels of encouragement following the withdrawal of the intervention.     

Collaborative practice-based research in supporting the language development of primary level bilingual children: a case study

This article reports work within a pilot in-service teacher development programme, which aimed to introduce language support teachers to the potential of practice-based research. A teacher, a team coordinator and a teacher educator have collaborated to produce a reflective account, and an evaluation of both the teacher development programme and the research study. The case study illustrates the use of a particular model of exploratory practice (Allwright, 1993) and the authors suggest that the findings on language input and output offer a useful benchmark for further investigation. An evaluation of the project concludes by arguing for the importance of such collaborative work within the teacher educator's research workload     

高校课堂教学评价新模式及其特点探讨

高校课堂教学评价新模式是在原有教学评价基础上的一种创新,它以学生评教为整个教学评价新模式中的核心,体现了学生在教师课堂教学评价中的主导地位,同时与其他各个方面的评价加以整合,打破了传统教学评价以总结性评价为主的局面。特别是在当今高校,对于广大教师普遍存在的“重科研,轻教学”的行为是一种制约,它有利于促进高校教师的专业发展和课堂教学效果的提高。     

School and teacher performance incentives: The Latin American experience

This paper discusses performance evaluation and the introduction of incentives into education in Latin America from an analytical and methodological perspective. The aim is to describe ongoing strategies and learn from practical experiences in this field. The cases analyzed reveal that school-level evaluations and collective incentives adapt better to the characteristics of the educational process and the potential for teamwork, while individual evaluations pose some difficulties. Several evaluation systems currently in use emphasize educational inputs and, in some cases, mainly compliance with rules and procedures, irrespective of education results (output). If the factors considered in assessing school performance do not correlate well with educational achievement, the incentives vanish. Hence, the importance of emphasizing output and ensuring that if measures are included for inputs and processes, these must line up with educational achievement.     

Baselines and Basics: some issues in the assessment of behavioural interventions in education

Abstract Teachers are increasingly making use of behavioural techniques in their everyday classroom practice. The need for empirical demonstration of effectiveness is integral to the behavioural approach and calls for the use of some sort of experimental design, both to show a relationship between the teacher's actions and change in the child's behaviour, and to discount alternative explanations of such change. The baseline, a measure of the behaviour to be changed, is seen as performing a key function in any such design. The advantages and disadvantages for applied research of group and single case experimental designs are examined. It is argued that the latter provide a particularly appropriate means for practising teachers to evaluate their own work. Five well‐established forms of single case design are discussed in detail and an actual example of each in use is given.     

我国高校博士点投入产出效率研究——基于DEA模型的分析

本文根据高校博士点投入和产出特点,建立了高校博士点的投入和产出评价指标体系,并运用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,对我国29所教育部"985"工程高校博士点进行效率评价,给出了非DEA有效高校博士点相关指标的投入冗出量和产出不足量。     

Oppositional defiance,moral reasoning and moral value evaluation as predictors of self-reported juvenile delinquency

This study investigated the relationships among oppositional defiant attitudes, moral reasoning, moral value evaluation and self-reported delinquent behaviour in adolescents (N = 351, M_AGE = 13.8 years, SD_AGE = 1.1). Of particular interest were the moderating effects of age, educational environment and gender on the relationship between moral reasoning and delinquency. The results indicate that oppositional defiance was a strong positive correlate of delinquent behaviour, particularly in late adolescence. Furthermore, moral reasoning was modestly and negatively related to delinquency, but only for males. No moderating effects for educational environment were observed. Moreover, moral value evaluation was uncorrelated with delinquent behaviour when controlling for other sociomoral processes. These findings invite further research on the relationship between attitudes and behaviour, with respect to causal links and practical applications within behavioural interventions.     

School experience,relational justice and legitimation of institutional

This study analysis the relationship between perceptions of the justice of teacher’ behaviour and (a) the legitimation of school authority and (b) the legitimation of institutional authorities outside school. 448 adolescent students participated in the study. In questionnaire participants were asked about (a) perceptions of the justice of teachers’ behaviour; (b) evaluation of the school experience; and (c) evaluation of institutional authorities. Results show that the evaluation of the justice of teacher behaviour, in particular relational and procedural justice, have an impact on the legitimation of the authority of teachers and on the evaluation of institutional authorities outside school. Results also show that the legitimacy granted to teachers is a mediator variable between perceptions of justice in school and evaluation of authorities outside school. These results are discussed in the context of the studies on the relationship between school experience and adolescents attitudes towards authorities, and in the framework of the “Relational Model of Authority” and of the “Group Value Model”.