共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
罗桂环 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1985,23(6):476-482
“Quan Fang Bei Zu” is a compiled work mainly for folklores, poems and other literary works concerning some common plants with some botanical information in it. It is certainly not a pure botanical work, covering no more than 240 species of plants, and thus has little use as a reference book in indexing names even in a primitive sense. Therefore “Quan Fang Bei Zu” could not be considered as a botanical dictionary. Xu Wen-xuan and his co-workers’ argument that “Quan Fang Bei Zu” was the most perfect ancient botanical codes and records till then is not convincing. Actually “Tu Jing Ben Cao” is of higher value than the book under discussion from botanical point of view. 相似文献
2.
3.
Yunnan is extends across the subtropical and tropical zones, situated in the sou-
thern border area of southwestern China. This district is extremely rich in plants, and
thus, it has been known as a “Kingdom of Plants”. However, up to the present our
knowledge of the Charophyta in this region has been scanty.
In order to get a thorough understanding of its Charophyta, we identified speci-
mens collected from 13 countries or cities in this province. The result shows that is
especially abundant in Charophyta.
In this paper, however, only are reported new species, new varieties and new re-
cords of China on the Nitelleae. The former two are Nitella hokouensis, N. bicornuta,
N. longicaudata, N. procera, N. brevidactyla, N. papillata, N. pseudohyalina, N. hyalina
var. aberrans and Tolypella yunnanensis; while the third is Nitella globulifera Pal andN. japonica T. F. Allen. 相似文献
4.
5.
1) The Compositae in Tibet so far known comprise 508 species and 88 genera,
which nearly amounts to one fourth of the total number of genera and one third of the
total number of species of Compositae in all China, if the number of 2290 species and 220
genera have respectively been counted in all China. In Tibet there are all tribes of Com-
positae known in China, and surprisingly, the large tribes in Tibetan Compositae are
also large ones in all China and the small tribes in Tibet are also small ones in all China.
Generally speaking, the large genera in Tibet are also large ones in all China and the
small genera in Tibet are likewise small ones in all China. In this sense it is reasonable to
say that the Compositae flora of Tibet is an epitome of the Compositae flora of all China.
In the Compositae flora of Tibet, there are only 5 large genera each containing 30
species or more. They are Aster, Artemisia, Senecio, Saussurea and Cremanthodium. And
5 genera each containing 10—29 species. They are Erigeron, Anaphalis, Leontopodium,
Ajania, Ligularia and Taraxacum. In addition, there are 77 small genera, namely 87%
of the total of Compositae genera in Tibet, each comprising 1—9 species, such as Aja-niopsis, Cavea and Vernonia, etc.
2) The constituents of Compositae flora in Tibet is very closely related to those of
Sichuan-Yunnan provinces with 59 genera and 250 species in common. Such a situation
is evidently brought about by the geographycal proximity in which the Hengtuang Shan
Range links southeastern and eastern Tibet with northern and northwestern Sichuan-
Ynnnan. With India the Tibetan Compositae have 59 genera and 132 species in common,
also showing close floristic relationships between the two regions. Apparently the floris-
tic exchange of Compositae between Tibet and India is realized by way of the mountain
range of the Himalayas. The mountain range of the Himalayas, including the parallel
ranges, plays a important role as a bridge hereby some members of the Compositae of
western or northern Central Asia and of the northern Africa or of western Asia have
migrated eastwards or southeastwards as far as the southern part of Fibet and northern
part of India, or hereby some Compositae plants of eastern and southeastern Asia or
Asia Media have migrated northwestwards as the northern part of Central Asia.
Some of the species and genera in common to both Tibet and Sinjiang indicate that
this weak floristical relationship between these regions is principally realized through two
migration routes: one migration route is by way of the Himalayas including the parallel
ranges to Pamir Plataeu and Tien Shan, or vice versa. The other migration route is by
way of northern Sinjiang to Mongolia, eastern Inner Mongolia, southwards to Gansu,
Qinghai (or western Sichuan), eastern Tibet up to the Himalayas, or vice versa.
However, Tibet is not entirely situated at a migration crossroad of the floral ele-
ments. An ample amount of the data shows that Compositae flora have a particular
capability of development in Tibet. of the total number of species of Tibetan Com-
positae, 102 species and 1 genus (Ajaniopsis Shih) are endemic. Besides, 8 genera are re-
gional endemics with their range extending to its neighbourhood. The higher percentage
of endemics at specific level than at generic in Tibetan Compositae may be a result of
active speciation in response to the new enviromental conditions created by the uplifting
of the Himalayas. The flora in Tibetan Plateau as a whole appears to be of a younger
age.
3) The uprising of the Himalayas and of the Tibetan Plateau accompanied by the
ultraviolet ray radiation, the microthermal climate and the high wind pressure has, no
doubt, played a profound influence upon the speciation of the native elements of Tibetan
Compositae. The recent speciation is the main trend in the development of the Com-positae flora native in Tibet in the wake of upheaval of the plateau. 相似文献
6.
We have described a new genus Taihangia, collected from, the south part of Taihang
Mountain in northern China. At the same time, comparative studies on Taihangia with its
related genera have been made in various fields including external morphology, anatomy
of carpels, chromosome and pollen morphology by light, scanning and transmission electron microscope. In addition, isoperoxidases of two varietier were analysed by means of polya-crylamide gel slab electrophoresis. The preliminary results are as follows:
Morphology: The genus Taihangia is perennial and has simple leaves, occasionally
with 1—2 very small reduced lobes on the upper part of petiole; flowers white, andromo-
noecious and androdioecious, terminal, single or rarely 2 on a leafless scape; calyx and cpicalyx with 5 segments; petals 5; stamens numerous; pistils numerous, with pubescent styles, spirally inserted on the receptacle in bisexual flowers, but with less number of abortive and glabrous pistils in male flowers.
In comparison with the related genera such as Dryas, Geum, Coluria and Waldsteinia,
the new genus has unisexual flowers and always herbaceous habit indicating its advanced
feature but the genus has a primitive style with thin and short hairs as compared with the genus Dryas which has long, pinnately haired styles, a character greatly facilitamg anemo-choric dissemination. The styles of Taihangia are slender and differ from those of the ge-nus Geum which are articulate, with a persistent hooked rostrum, thus adapting to epizo-ochoric dissemination to a higher degree.
The anatomy of carpels shows the baral position of ovules in the genus Taihangia like those in other related genera such as Dryas, Geum, Acomastylis, Coluria and Waldsteinia. This suggests that the new genus and its related ones are in a common evolutionary line as compared with the other tribes which have a pendulous ovule and represent a separate evolutionary line in Rosaceae. Dorsal and ventral bundles in carpels through sections are free at the base. Neither fusion, nor reduction of dorsals and vertrals. are observed. This shows that the genus Taihangia is rather primitive.
Somatic chromosome: All the living plants, collected from both Honan and Hopei
Provinces were examined. The results show that in these plants the chromosome number
is 2n= 14, and thus the basic number of chromosome is x=7. Such a diploid genus is first
found in both anemochoric and epizoochoric genera. Therefore, in this respect Taihangia is primitive as compared with herbaceous polyploid genus Geum and related ones.
Pollen: The stereostructure shown by scanning electron microscope reveals that the pollen grains of the genus Taihangia are ellipsoid and 3-colporate. There are two types of exine sculpture. One is rather shortly striate and it seems rugulate over the pollen surface; the other is long-striate. The genus Dryas differs in having only short and thick striae over the surface. The genus is similar to the genera Geum, Coluria and Waldsteinia in colpustype, but differs from them in that they all have long, parallel striae which are distributed along the meridional line.
In addition, under transmission electron microscope, the exine in the Taihangia and related genera Acomastylis, Geum, Coluria, Waldsteinia and Dryas has been shown to be typically differentiated into two distinct layers, nexine and sexine. The nexine, weakly statined, appears to consist of endoxine with no foot-layer, in which the columellae are fused, and which is thicker beneath the apertures. The sexine is 2-layered, consisting of columellae and tectum. Three patterns of tectum can be distinguished in the tribe Dryadeae: the first, in the genera Taihangia, Acomastylis, Geum, Coluria and Waldsteinia, is tectate-imperforate, with the sculpturing elements both acute and obtuse at the top and broad at the base; the second, in the genus Dryas, is semitectate, with the sculpturing elements shown in ultrathin sections rod-like and broader at the top than at the base or as broad at the top as at the base, and the third, tectate-perforate, with the sculpturing elements different in size. From the above results, the herbaceous groups and woody ones have palynologically evolved in two distinct directions, and the genus Taihangia is related to other herbaceous genera such as Acomastylis, Geum, Coluria and Waldsteinia, as shown in the electron microphotographs of ultrathin sections. The genus Taihangia, however, is different from related herbaceous genera in that the pollen of Taihangia is dimorphic, i.e. in addition to the above pattern of pollen another one of the exine in Taihangia is rugulate, with the sculpturing elements shown in the ultrathin sections being obtuse or emarginate and nearly as broad at the top as at the base.
The interesting results obtained from the comparative analysis of morphology, ana-
tomy of carpels, chromosome countings, microscopic and submicrosocopic structures of pollen may enable us to evaluate the systematic position of Taihangia and to throw a new light on evolution of the tribe Dryadeae. It is well known that the modes of dissemination of rosaceous fruits play an important role in the expansion and evolution of the family. The follicle is the most primitive and the plants with follicles, like the Spiraeoideae, are mostly woody and mesic, while the achene, drupe and pyrenarium are derived. In Rosoideae having a achene is a common feature. Particularly in the tribe Dryadeae, which is distinguished from the other related tribes by having orthotropous ovules, the methods of dissemination of fruits have developed in three distinct specialized directions: anemochory with long, plumose styles (e.g. Dryas), formicochory or dispersed by ants or other insects, with the deciduous styles (e.g. Waldsteinia and Collria),and epizoochory with the upper deciduous stigmatic part and the lower persistent hooked rostrum, an adhesive organ favouring epizoochory dissemination (e. g. Geum and related taxa). Taihangia is a genus endemic to mesophytic
forest area of northern China. Due to its narrow range and specific habit as well as pubescent styles, neither perfectly adapted to anemochory nor to epizoochory, the genus Taihangia might be a direct progeny of the ancestry of anemochory. Maintaining the diploidy and having an ntermediate sculptural type of pollen, the new genus might probably represent a linkage between anemochory and zoochory (including epizoochory and dispersed by ants).
Experimental evidence from isoperoxidases shows the stable zymograms of root and
roostoks. The anodal isozyme of T. rupestris var. rupestris may be divided into 6 bands:
A, B, C, D, E, F, and T. rupestris var. ciliata into 4 bands: A, B, C, G. The two varietiesof the species share 3 bands: A, B, C. However, D, E and F bands are characteristic of var. rupestris and G band is limited to var. ciliata. As far as the available materials are concerned, the analysis of isoperoxidases supports the subdivision of the species into two varieties. 相似文献
7.
木兰科分类系统的初步研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
刘玉壶 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1984,22(2):89-109
A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed. This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology. Different authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I). Since I have been engaged
in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family. According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a
new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors.
The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic. In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan. Moreover, one genus
(Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region. The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world.
The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family. Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus. These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae. It is worthwhile discussing their morphological characters and
distributional patterns as follows:
The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel. This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae. Eighteen out of a total of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis and M. mega-
phylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang. There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7).
The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole. The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central
China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas and northeast
India. The evergreen species are distributed from northeast Yunnan (China) to the
Malay Archipelago. In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primi-
tive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in
Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.
The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, an-
thers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few.
Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to
the second largest genus of the family. About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this
genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca, and M.
flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center
of the family under discussion) and extend eastwards to Taiwan of China, southern
Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China.
westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7).
The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan
and radiate from there. The farther away from the centre, the less members we are
able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology. In this old geographical
centre there are more primitive species, more endemics and more monotypic genera.
Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan,
China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world. 相似文献
8.
鳞毛蕨属的生物系统学研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jermy A. C. 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1980,18(1):37-44
At the outset the paper begins with a brief discussion of the geographical origin of the
genus Dryopteris. With the cytological data so far available the author presumed that the No-
rthern Hemisphere and possibly Eurasia is the geographical origin of the genus and that the
Eastern Himalayas, China and Japan is the centre of speciation of the genus, and thence has
spread to other continents along several routes. He is also of the opinion that the genus tends
to evolve the highest grade of polyploidy where it has existed longest. On the other hand, he
pointed out that the production of polyploids may occur most frequently in response to pressures
which a group meets in the course of its migration in space and time, with the majority of
diploids persisting as relics close to the original centre of diversification.
He then described the progress of the biosystematics of the European and North American
Dryopteris, which has been undertaken through a close cooperation among botanists, cytologists
and phytochemists of different nations. This team is also looking forward to a cooperation with
the Chinese botanists in the study of East Asian species of Dryopteris, so that the relationships
of Chinese species and those of other floras can be understood.
The term biosystematics had been invented to mean experimental studies of breeding sy-
stems of the species concerned in order to ellucidate their evolutionary relationships. It stems
from the early researches of Professor Irene Manton whose classical book “Problems of Cytology
and Evolution in the Pteridophyta” (1950) laid the foundation of Biosystematics. Manton was
also the first to introduce the acetocarmine squash method for staining chromosomes in the
spore-mother-cells at meiosis.
The lecture was illustrated with diagrams showing in detail the pairing behaviour of the
chromosomes at the metaphase in meiosis and the formation of the polyploidies of different
levels.
Besides cytological approach two other techniques have been also applied to the systematic
studies of Dryopteris. The first is the comparison of sporoderms using the scaning electron
microscope, revealing different ornamentations on the pericine. The second is the study of plant
chemistry, in particular, that of the phloroglucinoles by thinlayer chromatography.
The remaining far greater part of the paper is devoted to analysing cytologically the Eu-
ropean and North American species of Dryopteris in three groups, showing the lines of experi-mental work that has resulted in the understanding of their evolutional relationships. 相似文献
9.
陈文怀 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1977,15(1):53-58
It is generally accepted that tea plant (Thea sinensis L.) is originated in China,
where has numerous varieties, According to the literature, the selected work of tea
plants may be traced as early as to the 3rd-5th century A.D. The number of varie-
ties discovered in recent years reached more than 300. Besides, a large number of
wild species were discovered. In all tea varieties, the crown canopy, leaf size and
the date of sprouting were different. It was proposed that according to the crown
canopy, leaf size and the date of sprouting. The principle of the classification of
Chinese tea varieties may be 3 orders. The first order named “group”, it contains
macrophanerophyte group, microphanerophyte group, and frutex group. The second
order named “type”, it contains extreme large leaf size, large leaf size, medium leaf
size and small leaf size. The third order named “species”, it contains the early-
sprouting species, medium-sprouting species and late-sprouting species.
相似文献
10.
张志耘 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1988,26(5):394-403
The morphological characters in the genus Orobanche were evaluated from the
taxonomic point of view. The author finds that the plants of this genus are relatively similar
to each other in respect to characters of vegetative organs, fruits and seeds. But the differences
in the floral structures can be served as a basis for delimitating infrageneric taxa. The seed
coat of 18 species and pollen grains of 6 species were also examined under scanning electron
microscope (SEM). They seem to have little significance for distinguishing species.
The result supports G. Beck’s (1930) division of the genus Orobanche into 4 sections, of
which 2 occur in China, based on the characters of the inflorescence, bracteoles and calyx.
The author considers that some characters, such as anther hairy or not, upper lip of corolla
entire or not, lower lip longer or shorter than the upper one, the state of corolla-tube inflec-
tion and the hair type of filaments and plants, are important in distinguishing Chinese species.
A key to the species of Orobanche in China is given.
This genus consists of about 100 species, and is mostly confined to Eurasia, with over 60
species found in Caucasus and Middle Asia of USSR, where may be the mordern distribu-
tional centre.
Orobanche L. in China is represented by 23 species, 3 varieties and l forma. As shown in
Table 1, most species (12 species) are found in Xinjiang, which clearly shows a close floristic
relationship between this region and Middle Asia of USSR. 6 species are endemic to China,
of which 4 are confined to the Hengduan Mountains (Yangtze-Mekong-Salwin divide).
The relationships between this genus and related ones of Orobanchaceae are also discussed.
The author holds the following opinions: the genus Phelypaea Desf. should be considered as a
member of Orobanche L. Sect. Gymnocaulis G. Beck, the monotypic genus, Necranthus A.
Gilli endemic to Turkey, is allied with Orobanche L. Sect. Orobanche, the monotypic genus,
Platypholis Maxim, endemic to Bonin Is. of Japan, is far from Orobanche L. in relation and
should be regarded as a separate genus.
The 11 OTU’s, including all the sections of Orobanche L. and 7 genera of Orobanchaceae,
and 15 morphological characters were used in the numerical taxonomic treatment to test the
above-mentioned suggestions. After standardization of characters, the correlation matrices were
computerized. The correlation matrices were made to test the various clustering methods. At
last the UPGMA clustering method was chosen and its result is shown in a phenogram. The
result of numerical analysis is basically in accordance with the suggestions. 相似文献
11.
12.
白洋淀水生植物区系初步分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
陈耀东 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1987,25(2):106-113
The Baiyandian Lake lies at 115°56′ E. and 38°55′ N. It is about 8 m above
sea level, with an area about 312 square km. There are abundant aquatic plants here, inc-
luding flowering plants of 30 families, 46 genera, 66 species and 3 varieties besides one in-
troduced species. 32 species are erect ones covering about 48.5% of the total number of species
in this lake, 20 are submerged ones, about 30.3%, 9 are leaf-floating ones, about 13.6% and 5
are floating ones, 7.6%. The soil at the bed of the lake is very fertile and the depth is appro-
priate, favouring various plants. The coverage is large, sometimes it may reach 100%, for
example, in communities of Phragmites communis, Hydrilla verticillata, Hydrocharis dubis,
Trapa bicornis, etc. Although the Baiyandian Lake is located in the temperate zone, the floristic
elements are complex. There are tropic-subtropic elements and elements of high-frigid zone
as well. When compared respectively with the floras of the Lakes Jingbo Lake, Honghu Lake
and Lugu Lake, the flora of this lake is found more similar to that of subtropic Honghu Lake
than to those of the other lakes, which shows that it hase a character transitional between the
south and the north in China. Further studies of the floristic relationships are needed in order
to exploit and use the resources of the aquatic plants in this lake. 相似文献
13.
三种数值方法在几种六道木分类中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the last 10—20 years there has bee n increasing awareness of the problem con-
cerning the aims and practices of taxonomy. In particular, there has been growing
interest in the development of numerical methods in biological taxonomy as an aid to
making systematics a quantitative science, a step which comes in time to almost every
scientific discipline.
Numerical taxonomy is the evaluation by numerical methods of the affinity or
similarity between taxonomic units and the employment of these affinities in erecting
a hierarchic order of taxa. The present rapid development of these ideas is presuma-
bly a result of the development of computer techniques.
Numerical taxonomic approach has been applied to the studies of entomology and
microbiology in China to some extent since 1975. But so far it hasn’t been commonly
used in botany. The present report is a preliminary study on 9 spp. of the genus
Abelia. A set of binary data with 54 characters is used for computing association
coefficient; and a set of quantitative data with 47 characters for distance coefficient
and correlation coefficient. For the mathematical models were chosen the non-metric
simple matching association coefficient, the geometrical distance of Riemannian space
and correlation coefficient. Computational procedures are stepwise presented in detail
and computer programmes are written in the background of Algol-60 language. Cluster analysis is compared with simple linkage, average linkage and multi-correlation.
The results of DC and CC for 9 spp. of Abelia agree closely with the traditional
taxonomy, because the data we collected mainly come from morphological characters.
It would seem that the results of quantita tive data are more appropriate for seed
plants. It is, therefore, postulated that our programes are complementary and very
useful to a wide range of classification entities, such as microbes, animals and plants
in present situation in China.
In conclusion, a comparison between the conventional taxonomy and numerical
taxonomy has been made, and a brief discussion of three problems, i.e. the monothetic
versus polythetic, divisive versus agglomerative, weighting versus unweighting.
相似文献
14.
陈心启 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1981,19(3):323-329
Acanthochlamydoideae, a new subfamily of Amaryllidaceae, is proposed in the pre-
sent paper, based upon the monotypic genus Acanthochlamys which was detected by
the writer in 1979 and named Didymocolpus as a new genus but was preceded by P. C.
Kao in 1980 under the former name. The genus is indeed of great morphological in-
terest. It has semicylindric leaves with a deep furrow on the ventral and dorsal sides
respectively. The lower part of the leaf is connate with, or adnate to, the lower mid-
rib of a rather large and membranous vagina . Such a feature, as far as we know, is
very rare in the monocotyledons.
The flower resembles that of Amaryllidaceae in having inferior ovary, six stamens
and corolla-like perianth with a rather long tube. But it is quite different in other
characters, such as head-like cyme, leaf-like bracts and bisulcate leaves, which all are
foreign to any taxon known in the Amaryllidaceae. On the other hand, it bears some
resemblance particularly in habit and inflorescence to Campynemanthe of the Hy-
poxidaceae, and also to Borya and Bartlingia of the Liliaceae (in the tribe John-
sonieae), but differs in its long perianth-tube and curious leaf structure. It is highly
probable that the resemblance between them is only superficial and not indicative of
direct or close relationship.
This is no doubt a very curious plant of which we still know incompletely, and
for which an appropriate place in the monocotyledons has not yet been found. Con-
sidering its floral characters, however, it seems safe for the present to place it as a
separate subfamily in the Amaryllidaceae and is juxtaposed with the Ixiolirioideae
and Amaryllidoideae, the only two subfamilies of Amaryllidaceae according to H. Mel-
chior (1964), and, of course, to either of them it is not directly related. Its true affinity
remains problematic.
The only species, Acanthochlamys bracteata, is found in Mar-er-kan (102°12'N,
31°47'E), Qian-ning (101°30'N, 30°33'E), Xiang-cheng (99°39'N, 28°54'E) and Dau
cheng (100°10'N, 29°03'E) in western Sichuan of southwest China, in open bushland
or grassland at an altitude between 2700—3500 meters. Its geographical distribution is
mapped and its morphological details are illustrated to facilitate its identification.
相似文献
15.
鄂西神农架地区的植被和植物区系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shennungia is generally known as “The highest mountain in Central China”. It is
situated at latitude 31°342'N., longitude 110°35'E. in western Hupeh.
The area explored is deeply cut in all sides by five V-shaped valleys, giving the
landscape a steep topography. Its summit is about 3105 meters above the sea level, and
the relative altitude is from 1000-2000 meters.
The climate of the region is warm temperate. The differences of humidity-warmth
condition between the eastern and the western flanks are quite marked.
In western Hupeh and the adjacent area of Szechuan the rugged topography still
preserves some tracts of natural forests at higher elevations. Our vegetational survey
is confined to localities above 1500 meters. The collection of plant samples of the flora
is extended to the whole mountain from the foothill to the peak. The present article
deals with only a part of the results of our survey.
1. The vertical vegetation belts of Mt. Shennungia and relationships with other
regions: The vegetation belts on the eastern and the western flanks of the mountain
are shown in diagram 2 and 3. The comparison of the vertical vegetation zones of the
Mt. Shennungia with those of the Yülungshan in N. W. Yunnan and the eastern
Himalaya to the west and with those of Hwangshan and Central Japan to the east
is shown in table 4, It shows that the plant communities of the Mt. Shennungia are of
temperate nature, and they are more closely related to those of Hwangshan in S.
Anhwei and of Central Japan than to the eastern Himalaya.
2. Floristic composition: The generic ranges of flowering plant are relatively
distinct and stable. Various distributional patterns of genera are analysized.
1) Statistics of the genera in various distributional patterns: The total number
of genera of flowering plants in this region are 762, belonging to the following four
categories. A) tropical genera 239 (31.3%), B) temperate genera 416 (54.7%), C)
endemic genera 47 (6%), and D) comsmopolitan genera 61 (8%).
2) Endemic genera: An examination of the composition of the flora in western
Hupeh reveals that 47 endemic Chinese genera occur in this mountain of which 24 are
monotypic genera, 20 oligotypic and 2 multitypic as shown in Table 4. The arborescent
genera are nearly all deciduous. They are of temperate nature.
3) Temperate genera: There are 416 genera in wastern Hupeh. They are
subdivides into the following three groups according to their distributional patterns:
A) The north temperate genera: There are 159 genera belonging to 62 families in
western Hupeh. B) Eastern Asian genera: There are 117 genera belonging to 69
families in western Hupeh. Among them 22 are common to the western Szechuan,
adjacent regions of Yunnan and the Eastern Himalaya. The remaining 95 genera are
commom to both eastern China and Japan. C) The Eastern Asian-eastern North-
American genera: Of the total 762 genera known in western Hupeh, 64 are disjunc-
tively distributed in both eastern Asia and eastern North-America.
4) The tropical genera: Of the 762 genera of the flowering plant of western
Hupeh, 239 (31%) are of tropical nature.
Finally, our survey shows: 1. Many of the primitive temperate genera and ende-
mic relicts concentrate in western Hupeh and the adjacent region of Szechuan indica-
ting that it might be one of refuges of tertiary flora. Moreover, it might also be one
of the most important regions of differentiation, development and distribution of tem-
perature flora. 2. The vegetation of this region is not only of temperate nature, but
also of a transitional nature. 3. According to an analysis of the flora and a compari-
son of the vertical distribution of the vegetation of Yülungshan and Eastern Himalaya
to the west with Hwangshan and Central Japan to the east, the floristic affinity of
western Hupeh is more closely related to eastern China and Central Japan rather than
to the Eastern Himalaya, and phytogeographically this region is intermediate between
the Sino-Himalayan and the Sino-Japanese patterns. However, the problem of phyto-
geography of western Hupeh and the adjacent region of Szechuan is a complicated
one requiring further study.
相似文献
16.
秦仁昌 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1964,9(1):99-99
The fern genus Diplaziopsis C. Chr. of Index Filicum has long been considered as
a monotypic one, with the sole species, D. javanica (B1.) C. Chr. from tropical Asia. In
1906, H. Christ described a second species, Allantodia cavaleriana Christ (=D. cavale-
riana C. Chr.) from Kweichow, West China, but this was since not fully recognized by
fern students in general, being often considered as a variety of the first species. This
is certainly a mistake, as is shown by ample herbarium specimens today. In the recent
work on the genus, the writer has found among the herbarium material two additional
new species from China, thus bringing the genus up to four species in Asia, mainly from
China, where, as it is, the genus has its center of development from the long past.
Phylogenetically, Diplaziopsis C. Chr. represents one of the offshoots from the great
stock of diplazioid ferns, of which the genus Diplazium Sw. constitutes the main body
of the group and from which our genus differs chiefly in its leaves of a thin texture with
reticulated venation, but not so much in its type of indusium as it has generally been
emphasized by most botanists in the past, for, as it is, the type of indusium in Di-
plaziopsis also prevails in many species of Diplazium, for which C. B. Clarke (Trans.
Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. I:495, 1880) created, but really superfluously, a subgenus Pseudal-
lantodia, about which the writer will dwell in another paper in the near future. Suffice
it to say here that the indusium in Diplaziopsis as revealed by the species treated here
is, indeed, typical of diplazioid ferns, only often, as it happens, with its adaxial edge
pressed so tight under the expanding sorus that it is unable to open freely along its upper
free edge and, as a result, its thin vaulted back bursts open from the pressure of the ex-
panding sorus underneath.
As a result of the present study, following four species of the genus have been re-
cognized.
Diplaziopsis javanica (B1.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 227.
Wide spread in tropical Asia, northwardly to Bakbo and the southern part of Yun-
nan, China.
D. cavaleriana (Christ) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. Suppl. I (1913) 25.
Ranges from West China through northern part of Fukien of East China to Japan.
D. intermedia Ching, sp. nov.
Endemic in West China: Mt. Omei, Szechuan, and Kweichow.
D. hainanensis Ching, sp. nov.
In conclusion, it may be pointed out that with the modern plant taxonomy pursued
in a more efficient manner than in the past, and especially by the introduction of the
cytotaxonomic methods, the so-called “monotypic genera”, as conceived by the orthodox
systematists, will continue to prove, to a great extent, to be lack of enough scientific
ground. The fact that the “monotypic genus” of Diplaziopsis C. Chr. is now found to
be a genus of four well-defined species is once again an instance to illustrate the pointat issue. 相似文献
17.
Xizang (Tibet) is rich in Leguminosae flora, comprising 41 genera and 254 species
so far known, exclusive of the commonly cultivated taxa (including 11 genera and 16
species). There are 4 endemic genera (with 8 species), 10 temperate genera (with 175
species) and 19 tropical genera (with 46 species) as well as the representatives of those
genera whose distribution centers are in East Asia-North America, Mediterranean
and Central Asia.
1. There are altogether 4 endemic genera of Leguminosae in this region. Accord-
ing to their morphological characters, systematic position and geographical distribution,
it would appear that Salweenia and Piptanthus are Tertiary paleo-endemics, while
Straceya and Cochlianths are neo-endemics. Salweenia and Piptanthus may be some
of more primitive members in the subfamily Papilionasae and their allies are largely
distributed in the southern Hemisphere. The other two genera might have been derived
from the northern temperate genus Hedysarum and the East Asian-North American
genus Apios respectively, because of their morphological resemblance. They probably
came into existanc during the uplifting of the Himalayas.
2. An analysis of temperate genera
There are twelve temperate genera of Leguminosae in the region, of which the
more important elements in composition of flora, is Astragalus, Oxytropis and Cara-
gana.
Astragalus is a cosmopolitan genus comprising 2000 species, with its center
distribution in Central Asia. 250 species, are from China so far known, in alpine zone of
Southwest and Northwest, with 70 species extending farther to the Himalayas and
Xizang Plateau.
Among them, there are 7 species (10%) common to Central Asia, 12 species (15.7%)
to Southwest China and 40 species (60%) are endemic, it indicates that the differentia-
tion of the species of the genus in the region is very active, especially in the subgenus
Pogonophace with beards in stigma. 27 species amounting to 78.5% of the total species of
the subgenus, are distributed in this region. The species in the region mainly occur in
alpine zone between altitude of 3500—300 m. above sea-level. They have developed into
a member of representative of arid and cold alpine regions.
The endemic species of Astragalus in Xizang might be formed by specialization of
the alien and native elements. It will be proved by a series of horizontal and vertical vicarism of endemic species. For example, Astragalus bomiensis and A. englerianus are
horizontal and vertical vicarism species, the former being distributed in southeast part
of Xizang and the latter in Yunnan; also A. arnoldii and A. chomutovii, the former
being an endemic on Xizang Plateau and latter in Central Asia.
The genus Oxytropis comprises 300 species which are mainly distributed in the
north temperate zone. About 100 species are from China so far known, with 40 species
extending to Himalayas and Xizang Plateau. The distribution, formation and differ-
entiation of the genus in this region are resembled to Astragalus. These two genera are
usually growing together, composing the main accompanying elements of alpine mea-
dow and steppe.
Caragana is an endemic genus in Eurasian temperate zone and one of constructive
elements of alpine bush-wood. About 100 species are from China, with 16 species in Xi-
zang. According to the elements of composition, 4 species are common to Inner Mon-
golia and Kausu, 4 species to Southwest of China, the others are endemic. This not only
indicates that the species of Caragana in Xizang is closely related to those species of
above mentioned regions, but the differentiation of the genus in the region is obviously
effected by the uplifting of Himalayas, thus leading to the formations of endemic species
reaching up to 50%.
3. An Analysis of Tropical Genera
There are 19 tropical genera in the region. They concentrate in southeast of Xizang
and southern flank of the Himalayas. All of them but Indigofera and Desmodium are
represented by a few species, especially the endemic species. Thus, it can be seen that
they are less differentiated than the temperate genera.
However, the genus Desmodium which extends from tropical southeast and northeast
Asia to Mexio is more active in differentiation than the other genera. According to Oha-
Shi,s system about the genus in 1973, the species of Desmodium distributed in Sino-Hima-
laya region mostly belong to the subgenus Dollinera and subgenus Podocarpium. The
subgenus Dollinera concentrates in both Sino-Himalaya region and Indo-China with 14
species, of which 7 species are endemic in Sino-Himalaya. They are closely related to
species of Indo-China, southern Yunnan and Assam and shows tha tthey have close con-
nections in origin and that the former might be derived from the latter.
Another subgenus extending from subtropical to temperate zone is Podocarpium.
Five out of the total eight species belonging to the subgenus are distributed in Sino-
Himalaya and three of them are endemic.
An investigation on interspecific evolutionary relationship and geographic distribu-
tion of the subgenus shows that the primary center of differentiation of Podocarpium
is in the Sino-Himalaya region.
Finally, our survey shows that owing to the uplifting of the Himalayas which has
brought about complicated geographic and climatic situations, the favorable conditions
have been provided not only for the formation of the species but also for the genus in cer-tain degree. 相似文献
18.
The present paper deals with the following three aspects:
1. It attempts to discuss the problems on primitive forms of the family Araliaceae.
The genus Tupidanthus Hook. f. & Thoms. was considered by H. Harms (1894) and H.
L. Li (1942) as primitive, whilst another genus Plerandra A. Gray was regarded as
primitive by R. H. Eyde & C. C. Tseng in 1971. Having made a detailed comparison of
the taxonomical characters of these two genera, the present authors believe that both
genera are not the most primitive in the Araliaceae. Their affinit yis not close enough
and they possibly evolved in parallel lines from a common ancestor which is so far un-
known yet.
2. By studying the systems of the past, the present authors believe that none of them is entirely satisfactory. Bentham (1867) recognized five ‘series’ (in fact, equival-
ent to ‘tribe’ with the ending-eae of names) based on the petaline arrangement in the
bud, the numbers of stamen and the types of endospem. This is a plausible funda-
mental treatment for the Araliaceae, but choosing the endosperm as a criteria in dividing
tribe is artifical. As we know today, both ruminate and uniform endosperm are usually
presente in the same genus. Seemann’s system (1868) divided the Hederaceae (excl.
Trib. Aralieae) into five tribes, in addition to the locules of ovary. The criteria are
essentially the same as Bentham’s. The system of Hams (1894) divided the family into
three tribes. Two tribes, Aralieae and Mackinlayeae, of Bentham are retained, but
other groups were combined in the Trib. Schefflereae. However, Harms did not retain
one of those three oldest legitimate names which had named by Bentham, that is con-
trary to the law of priority in the International Code of Botanical Nomenelature. Hut-
chinson (1967) adopted seven tribes for the family. The criteria essentially follow those
of Bentham, but the inflorescence is overstressed. The inflorescence is an artifical taxono-
mical character in dividing tribes, because of some dioecious plants, such as Meryta sin-
clairii (Hook. f.) Seem., have two types of inflorescence in male and female plants. Ac-
cording to Hutchinson’s arrangement, the male and female plants would be put in se-
parate tribes.
3. The present authors are of the opinion that in the study of a natural classi-
fication of plant groups emphasis should be laid not only on the characters of the repro-
ductive organs, but on those of vegetative organs as well. The present revised system is
based principally upon the characters of both flowers and leaves of the five tribes as
follows:
Trib. 1. Plerandreae Benth. emend. Hoo & Tseng
Trib. 2. Tetraplasandreae Hoo & Tseng
Trib. 3. Mackinlayeae Benth.
Trib. 4. Aralieae Benth.
Trib. 5. Panaceae Benth. emend. Hoo & Tseng 相似文献
19.
中国种子植物特有属的数量分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
王荷生 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1985,23(4):241-258
Chinese flora with many endemic elements is highly important in the world’s
flora. According to recent statistics there are about 196 genera of spermatophytes, be-
ing 6.5% of total Chinese genera. These endemic genera comprising 377 species belong
to 68 families, among which the Gesneriaceae (28 genera), Umbelliferae (13), Compo-
sitae (13), Orchidaceae (12) and Labiatae (10) are predominant. The tropical type
containing 24 families and 80 genera is dominant. After it follows the temperate type
with 23 families and 50 genera. There are also 4 families endemic to China, i.e. Gin-
kgoaceae, Bretschneideraceae, Eucommiaceae and Davidiaceae. It shows that genera
endemic to China are obviously related to the tropical and temperate flora in essence.
The endemic monotypic genera (139) and endemic obligotypic genera (48) combin-
ed make up more than 95% of the total number of genera endemic to China. Phylo-
genetically more than half of them are ancient or primitive. The life forms of all ende-
mic genera are also diverse. Herbs, especially perennial herbs, prevail with the propor-
tion of about 62%, and trees and shrubs are the next, with 33%, and the rest are lianas.
Based upon the calculated number of genera endemic to China in each province and
the similarity coefficents between any two provinces, some conclusions may be drawn
as follows:
Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces combined are the distribution centre of genera en-
demic to China and may be their original or differentiation area, because numerous
endemic genera, including various groups, exist in these two provinces. The second is
Guizhou where there are 62 endemic genera. Others form a declining order, south
China, central China and east China. But towards the north China endemic genera de-
crease gradually, and the Qinling Range is an important distributional limit.
The largest simitarity coefficient, over 50%, appears between Shaanxi and Gansu
probably because of the Qinling Range linking these two provinces. But between any
other two provinces it is less than 30% and it is generaly larger between two south pro-
vinces than between two north provinces.
These characteristics mentioned above are correlated with topography and climate,
and they may be resulted from the diversification in geography and climatic influence
for a long time. 相似文献
20.
我国悬钩子属植物的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
陆玲娣 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1983,21(1):13-25
The genus Rubus is one of the largest genera in the Rosaceae, consisting of more
than 750 species in many parts of the world, of which 194 species have been recorded
in China.
In the present paper the Rubus is understood in its broad sense, including all the
blackberries, dewberries and raspberries, comprising the woody and herbaceous kinds.
So it is botanically a polymorphic, variable and very complicated group of plants.
The detailed analysis and investigation of the evolutionary trends of the main organs
in this genus have indicated the passage from shrubs to herbs in an evolutionary line,
although there is no obvious discontinuity of morphological characters in various taxa.
From a phylogenetic point of view, the Sect. Idaeobatus Focke is the most primitive
group, characterized by its shrub habit armed with sharp prickles, aciculae or setae,
stipules attached to the petioles, flowers hermaphrodite and often in terminal or axill-
ary inflorescences, very rarely solitary, druplets separated from receptacles. Whereas
the herbaceous Sect. Chamaemorus L. is the most advanced group, which is usually
unarmed, rarely with aciculae or setae, stipules free, flowers dieocious, solitary, dru-
plets adhering to the receptacles and with high chromosome numbers (2n = 56).
Basing upon the evolutionary tendency of morphological features, chromosome nu-
mbers of certain species recorded in literature and the distribution patterns of species,
a new systematic arrangement of Chinese Rubus has been suggested by the present
authors. Focke in his well-known monograph divided the species of Rubus into 12
subgenera, while in the Flora of China 8 sections of Focke were adapted, but some im-
portant revisions have been made in some taxa and Sect. Dalibarda Focke has been
reduced to Sect. Cylactis Focke. In addition, the arrangement of sections is presented
in a reverse order to those of Focke’s system. The species of Rubus in China are
classified into 8 sections with 24 subsections (tab. 3) as follows: 1. Sect. Idaeobatus,
emend. Yü et Lu(11 subsect. 83 sp.); 2. Sect. Lampobatus Focke (1 sp.); 3. Sect.
Rubus (1 sp.); 4. Sect. Malachobatus Focke, emend. Yü et Lu (13 subsect. 85 sp.); 5.
Sect. Dalibardastrus (Focke)Yü et Lu (10 sp.); 6. Sect. Chaemaebatus Focke (5 sp.);
7. Sect. Cylactis Focke, emend. Yü et Lu (8 sp.); 8. Sect. Chamaemorus Focke (1 sp.).
In respect to the geographical distribution the genus Rubus occurs throughout the
world as shown in tab. 2, particularly abundant in the Northern Hemisphere, while
the greatest concentration of species appears in North America and E. Asia. Of the
more than 750 species in the world, 470 or more species (64%) distributed in North
America. It is clearly showm that the center of distribution lies in North America at
present time. There are about 200 species recorded in E. Asia, of which the species
in China (194) amount to 97% of the total number. By analysis of the distribution
of species in China the great majority of them inhabit the southern parts of the Yangtze
River where exist the greatest number of species and endemics, especially in south-
western parts of China, namely Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou (tab. 3. 4.). It is in-
teresting to note that the centre of distribution of Rubus in China ranges From north-
western Yunnan to south-western Sichuan (tab. 5), where the genus also reaches its
highest morphological diversity.
In this region the characteristics of floristic elements of Rubus can be summarized
as follows: it is very rich in composition, contaning 6 sections and 94 species, about
66% of the total number of Chinese species; there are also various complex groups,
including primitive, intermediate and advanced taxa of phylogenetic importance; the
proportion of endemic plants is rather high, reaching 61 species, up to 44% of the
total endemics in China. It is noteworthy to note that the most primitive Subsect.
Thyrsidaei (Focke) Yü et Lu, consisting of 9 endemic species, distributed in southern
slopes of the Mts. Qin Ling and Taihang Shan (Fig. 4). From the above facts we may
concluded that the south-western part of China is now not only the center of distribu-
tion and differentiation of Rubus in China, but it may also be the center of origin ofthis genus. 相似文献