How do socioeconomic attainment gaps in early mathematical ability arise?

Socioeconomic attainment gaps in mathematical ability are evident before children begin school, and widen over time. Little is known about why early attainment gaps emerge. Two cross-sectional correlational studies were conducted in 2018–2019 with socioeconomically diverse preschoolers, to explore four factors that might explain why attainment gaps arise: working memory, inhibitory control, verbal ability, and frequency of home mathematical activities (N = 304, 54% female; 84% White, 10% Asian, 1% black African, 1% Kurdish, 4% mixed ethnicity). Inhibitory control and verbal ability emerged as indirect factors in the relation between socioeconomic status and mathematical ability, but neither working memory nor home activities did. We discuss the implications this has for future research to understand, and work towards narrowing attainment gaps.     

Early years practitioners’ knowledge of early signs of autism in England

This research explores early years practitioners’ knowledge and ability to recognise the signs of autism and provide appropriate support. It was carried out using semi-structured interviews with six UK-based early years practitioners who have worked with children with autism. The findings highlighted that early years practitioners are aware of autism but have a limited understanding of the early signs of the condition. Furthermore, there are inconsistencies in training and collaboration in early years settings. All these factors influence whether the practitioners are able to recognise the early signs of autism and provide appropriate support. This study highlights the need to address the issue of training provided to early years practitioners.     

Opportunities for development: the practice of supervision in early years’ provision in England

This article examines how the practice of supervision has developed within a range of early childhood education and care (ECEC) provision in a county in Central England in the United Kingdom. Supervision has been recently introduced as a mandatory requirement for ECEC in England in 2012, and there is limited research looking at the impact of this. The research aimed to examine how supervision is being implemented by ECEC providers. It employed a mixed methods research design including a questionnaire (n?=?38) and three subsequent telephone interviews, and draws out key themes on who is accessing supervision, the level of frequency, the purposes, challenges and enablers of supervision. It highlights the tendency of the managerial function of supervision including safeguarding of children to dominate, and the potential for supervision as a reflective space and as support for staff including managers and leaders to be overlooked.     

Early years practitioners’ views on early personal,social and emotional development

Current policy guidance stresses the need for early identification of obstacles to learning and appropriate intervention. New standards for learning (Early Years Foundation Stage) place personal, social and emotional development (PSED) as central to learning and development. This paper reports a survey and follow-up interviews with early years practitioners on early identification and intervention of young children with difficulties in PSED. As previous research with primary and secondary colleagues has shown, practitioners find low-level disturbance occurring most frequently. Although aggressive behaviour (hurting others, kicking, hitting and biting) is a concern, not attending or listening and immature social skills (lack of sharing and turn-taking, and inability to relate to other children) is a bigger challenge. Practitioners report a range of strategies for formally teaching relevant skills but point to the greater challenge of supporting recent immigrants where different cultural and social norms need to be understood.     

How did I do?

A rookie police officer was out for his first ride in a cruiser with an experienced partner. A call came in telling them to     

How do teachers promote their students' lifelong learning in class? Development and first application of the LLL Interview

Lifelong learning's (LLL) cornerstones are laid at school. Especially teachers' behaviour is central. As of yet, there is no instrument to measure teachers' efforts in promoting aspects associated with LLL within their students. We present a new interview to measure teachers' competence concerning this matter. To illustrate possible results, we interviewed N = 40 teachers. While teachers did very well in arousing interest in a new topic, they did worse in supporting students while planning. The LLL Interview is a promising new instrument that allows for identifying which aspects related to LLL need more attention.     

How do apes ape?

In the wake of telling critiques of the foundations on which earlier conclusions were based, the last 15 years have witnessed a renaissance in the study of social learning in apes. As a result, we are able to review 31 experimental studies from this period in which social learning in chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans has been investigated. The principal question framed at the beginning of this era, Do apes ape? has been answered in the affirmative, at least in certain conditions. The more interesting question now is, thus, How do apes ape? Answering this question has engendered richer taxonomies of the range of social-learning processes at work and new methodologies to uncover them. Together, these studies suggest that apes ape by employing a portfolio of alternative social-learning processes in flexibly adaptive ways, in conjunction with nonsocial learning. We conclude by sketching the kind of decision tree that appears to underlie the deployment of these alternatives.     

How do people radicalize?

Very little is known about how violent extremist practices are learned, and the role of educational channels through which they are spread. This empirical study extrapolates insights specific to the Bosnian and Herzegovinian context to demonstrate how one ultraconservative ideology, Salafism, can radically alter the dominant thinking and behavior of ordinary individuals once they feel displaced from the mainstream institutions and particularly from the formal education. At the core of the displacement and replacement model of radicalization is an informal and tactful teacher, influencer, or a mentor that individuals connect with either online or in person. Using the primary data collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina through 20 in-depth and semi-structured interviews with radicalized persons, the study sequences a ten-step radicalization model through which the interviewees have transformed from ordinary citizens into radicalized actors with a potential to engage in violent extremism.     

How do teachers in Ireland and England conceptualise dyslexia?

This paper presents the findings of a comparative study using data from questionnaire surveys carried out in England (n=57) and Ireland (n=72). The researchers examine how teachers and teaching assistants who are currently teaching pupils with dyslexia in primary schools describe dyslexia and what may have influenced their conceptualisation. The paper examines teachers' responses both in terms of how they view their pupils presenting difficulties in the classroom, and how far they link these to underlying differences in cognitive processing. The researchers suggest ways in which this might influence their teaching in terms of methodology. Findings have been mapped to the Morton and Frith causal modelling framework. The implications of these findings for the training and support of teachers are discussed in the light of recent national initiatives to improve the teaching of dyslexic pupils in both countries.     

“How do you do?”&“How are you?”

一、意义的区别: “How are you?”为问句,意为“你好吗”,而“How do you do?”形式上是问句,实际上为问候语,意为“你好”。二、使用场合的区别: “How are you?”用以询问对方的身体健康状况,多用于朋友或熟人之间:“How do you do?”则用于两个人初次见面时的相互问候。     

How do gems cure diseases?

Our body is composed of seven primary colors of the solar ranges: violet,indigo(靛蓝色)blue, green, yellow and red These are called primary colors and mixing one or two primary colors makes other hues (色调)and shades. When there is deficiency or absence of any one of these primary colors,our bodies were attacked with the disease caused by that shortage.     

How do wings generate lift?

How lift is generated by a moving wing is understood satisfactorily. But the rigorous explanation requires elaborate theoretical background, and hence there are many simpler explanations in the popular literature. In the first part of this article, some such popular models are discussed after briefly dealing with some required preliminary ideas. The concluding part of the article will deal with some simple quantitative models and then tie up many of these simple ideas and propositions together to the rigorous momentum conservation principle placing these popular models in perspective.     

How much do M&M's weigh?

This article presents activities appropriate for the first half of a general introductory statistics course. All activities revolve around the same data set collected early in the course. The activities require students to make decisions about how they should proceed.     

How do wings generate lift?

A cambered surface that is moving forward in a fluid generates lift. To explain this interesting fact in terms of simpler models, some preparatory concepts were discussed in the first part of this article. We also agreed on what is an acceptable explanation. Then some popular models were discussed. Some quantitative theories will be discussed in this concluding part. Finally we will tie up all these ideas together and connect them to the rigorous momentum theorem.     

How do you teach learning?

The question ‘How do you teach ‘learning'?’ is located within the domain of professional adult education practice and is dealt with through a series of ‘stock‐taking’ moves through the field of practice. First, we offer a high‐level overview of standard answers to the question imbedded in contemporary educational practice. Second, we examine the adult education case in particular, focussing on the peculiarly idealised role the ‘adult learner’ has come to assume in international practitioner discourse. Third, we narrow the focus sharply to present a brief case‐study of our own attempts to teach ‘learning’ within the Advanced Diploma Course for Educators of Adults at the University of Cape Town. Finally, we attempt to clarify our present assumptions about the requirements of a ‘curriculum for learning’. (1) 1. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Kenton Educational Conference, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in November 1992.

     

How do I learn English?

When I was very young, with my mother's influence, I fell in love with English. I liked it so much that my parents sent me to an English class when I was eight. I was young and I couldn't fit at first. The strange English words were hard for me to accept. And then, the teacher taught me the basic English-phonetic, symbols and ABC. They helped me to learn English words     

How do you get pre-service teachers to become ‘good at ICT’ in their subject teaching? The views of expert practitioners

The paper reports on a particular strand of the outcomes of the English contribution to an Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development comparative study, ICT in Initial Teacher Training, which aimed to develop insights into how courses of initial teacher training prepare student teachers to use information and communications technology (ICT) effectively in their teaching. The paper extracts from the broader dataset the views of practitioners who were identified as being particularly ‘expert’ in their use of ICT, on what strategies and interventions are most helpful in developing teachers who are able to use ICT to enhance learning in their subject teaching, and also what it means ‘to be good at ICT’ as a subject teacher. Although some findings confirm research elsewhere on the importance of Technological and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) frameworks, other aspects of the study question some of the assumptions which have been made about teacher induction in this field in England, which may have implications for the training of pre-service teachers in other countries.     

‘It's just more in the real world really': how can a local project support early years practitioners from different settings in working and learning together?

This article describes how early years practitioners working in different settings, with different experiences and qualifications, can work and learn together. It is a small-scale case study of an eight-month project, with a grass-roots approach, involving early years settings within the reach area of an inner-London Children's Centre. The data collected are primarily from interviews, questionnaires and meeting minutes and the methods aim to replicate the democratic ethos of the project. The findings show that participants found this way of working empowering, drawing on their own and each other's knowledge and developing links for ongoing collaboration. However, the practical issues of staffing, costs and the structures of different types of settings remained significant barriers throughout the project. Further, the range of roles held by the participants, including the participant researcher, allowed power imbalances to operate. The study highlights the issues and opportunities that more local, ongoing forms of professional learning present.     

How do doctoral students experience supervision?

Supervision has been shown to have a high impact on doctoral students' development. However, little is known about how students perceive not only negative but also positive doctoral experiences, as well as their strategies for dealing with perceived problematic situations. The aim of this study is to analyse and relate doctoral students' significant supervision experiences to the strategies they use to cope with these experiences when they perceive them as challenging or negative. A total of 1173 doctoral students from different research-intensive Spanish universities responded to four open-ended questions about their most significant experiences in their doctoral journey, associated feelings and strategies to deal with them. We identified a total of 223 experiences related to supervision that were distributed into five categories: 1) central prerequisites for supervision, 2) supervisor choice, 3) supervision of the research process, 4) coaching and 5) project management. The results showed three distinct ways, as reported by the students, of handling the perceived negative supervision experiences: 1) no strategy, 2) local strategy and 3) regulatory strategy. The results suggest that analysing both positive and negative experiences may better capture variability in students' supervision experiences. A relation between experiences with supervision and students' satisfaction was also detected.