肌肉力量测量方法

文章首先简要地介绍和讨论了与肌肉力量测量方法有密切关系和应该明确的几个基本问题,即关于肌肉收缩的五种基本形式,关于国际上肌肉力量分类的研究结果,关于绝对力量、最大力量、快速力量、起动力量、爆发力量、反应力量、力量耐力等定义。然后,介绍了用于肌肉力量测量的实验室和运动场测量方法。其中,就基本测量指标、基本测量仪器、基本测量要求和注意事项、各种仪器和测量方法的优点及主要不足等进行了探讨。最后,提出了有关肌肉力量训练水平的检查与评定的基本设想。     

Do kinaesthetic tapes affect plantarflexor muscle performance?

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effects of application of kinaesthetic tapes on plantarflexor muscle performance. We hypothesised that taping of the triceps surae muscle would improve plantarflexor muscle strength and endurance with no significant effect on drop jump performance. Using a repeated-measures design, all performance measures were obtained in 24 volunteers on two separate occasions: without tapes and after application of kinaesthetic tapes. Performance tests included measurements of isometric plantarflexor muscle strength and the associated electromyographic activity of the gastrocnemius muscle, an isokinetic fatigue resistance test (30 contractions at 180° · s^?1) and assessments of drop jump performance. The taping-intervention was associated with an increase in gastrocnemius electromyographic activity. However, significant increases in isometric strength were only found at fully dorsiflexed ankle positions (+12% at ?20°). Strength gains were negatively correlated to baseline strength (r = ?.58). The intervention did not affect the results of the isokinetic fatigue and drop jump tests. The application of kinaesthetic tapes over the triceps surae muscle promotes an increase in isometric strength and gastrocnemius muscle activity. Our data suggest that these effects are joint-angle dependent and more prominent in weaker individuals. By contrast, the taping-intervention improves neither drop jump performance nor muscular endurance.     

Is salivary cortisol moderating the relationship between salivary testosterone and hand-grip strength in healthy men?

This study examined the moderating effect of cortisol (C) on the relationship between testosterone (T) and hand-grip strength (HGS) in healthy young men. Sixty-five males were monitored for salivary T, C and HGS before and 15?min after a short bout (5?×?6-s trials) of sprint cycling exercise. Sprint exercise promoted (p?<?.05) positive changes in T (6.1?±?24.9%) and HGS (3.4?±?7.5%), but a negative C response (?14.4?±?33.1%). The T and C measures did not independently predict HGS, but a significant T?×?C interaction was found in relation to these outcomes. Further testing revealed that pre-test T and HGS were negatively associated (p?<?.05), but only in men with high C levels. The exercise changes in T and HGS were also negatively related in men with low C levels (p?<?.05), but no relationship was seen in men with high C levels. In summary, complex relationships between T and HGS emerged when considering C as a moderating variable. The pre-test combination of high C and low T levels favoured absolute HGS, whereas low pre-test C levels and a smaller T change were linked to larger HGS changes. These associations suggest that, in the current format, T is not necessarily anabolic to muscle strength in healthy young men. Such complexities could also explain some of the inconsistent T relationships with physical performance in lesser trained male populations.     

Reliability of a 5-m multiple shuttle test

The aim of the present study was to determine the reliability of a modified 5-m multiple shuttle test. The ‘matchrelated fitness’ of 23 female hockey players was assessed on four occasions within 4 weeks. The results of each test session and each shuttle were analysed using analysis of variance with repeated measures to determine the reliability of the test. The mean distance for each of the six shuttles decreased (121.2 ? 7.5, 114.5 ? 7.5, 112.2 ? 7.5, 109.9 ? 7.9, 108.4 ? 8.1 and 108.7 ? 8.3 m for shuttles 1-6, respectively; P < 0.001) similarly for each of the four sessions (P = 0.99). The total and peak distances covered during the tests were not significantly different (P = 0.99 and P = 0.12, respectively). The intra-class correlation coefficient (R) for these variables was 0.98 and 0.86, respectively. The delta distance and the fatigue index calculated post-test were significantly different (P = 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively) between the four sessions. The intra-class correlation coefficient for both these variables was 0.74. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were not significantly different between sessions (P = 0.42 and P = 0.095, respectively). The intra-class correlation coefficient for heart rate ranged from 0.65 to 0.97 and that for RPE from 0.85 to 0.91. We conclude that the 5-m multiple shuttle run test is a reliable measure of total and peak distances, heart rate and RPE response and is sufficiently reliabile to track changes in fitness over a season. The delta distance and fatigue index are not as reliable and should be interpreted with caution.     

对我院学生身体素质考核情况的调查与分析

对山东体院学生４９８人进行身体素质考核，考核项目、评分标准与入学测试一致。结果显示，成绩提高者占２８．７１％，成绩下降者占７１．２９％；成绩提高的项目主要为原地推铅球和立定三级跳远，８００ｍ跑成绩下降显著；学生入院后总体身体素质水平下降，女生尤为明显。从生理、管理、教学与制度等方面分析了身体系质下降的原因，提出了执行并改进《山东体育学院学生身体素质考核规定》的意见。     

如何加强业余中长跑运动员的力量训练

力量基础训练是培养高水平中长跑选手的重要环节,本文分析了业余中长跑运动员常用力量基础训练的方法与手段,以及各种力量练习方式特点和运用,并提出力量训练中应注意的几个问题.     

“Big Blade”赛艇双桨桨叶性能的试验研究

本文对赛艇刚性“BigBlade”双桨桨叶在循环水槽中进行了试验研究。试验在桨叶的不同攻角、斜角、转角以及不同深度下进行。试验表明：以上参数对桨叶的流体动力性能有较大的影响,桨叶的浸水深度应保持在一定的范围,而转角和斜角应尽量的小。这些结果为教练员运动员进行科学训练提供了理论依据,不同的运动员应根据实际情况调整桨架,保持桨叶的合适深度。     

成都市3～6岁幼儿体质状况分析

幼儿阶段是身体发育的快速时期,体质的好坏直接影响成年后的体质状况。通过对成都市3-6岁幼儿形态、机能、素质抽样测试结果进行分析,掌握其体质状况及变化规律。针对目前我国少年儿童体质状况存在的一些问题提出科学合理的建议和意见,同时为家长和学校指导少年儿童健身锻炼提供科学依据。     

优秀男子手枪运动员上肢关节屈伸肌群等速肌力测试研究

通过录像观察法、实验测试法,利用德国Isomed 2000等速力量测试系统对男子速射和男子慢射运动员右侧肩关节、肘关节、腕关节依次进行角速度为60°/s等速向心肌肉力量测试,选取屈肌肌群、伸肌肌群的相对峰力矩和相对峰值功率为指标,对手枪男子速射和慢射项目运动员的上肢肌肉力量进行了研究,比较分析了男子速射和男子慢射肩、肘、腕关节屈伸肌群的肌力特征。发现肘关节伸肌肌群、腕关节屈肌肌群分别为速射和慢射影响最大的关节肌群。     

篮球专修课多学期阶段性过程考评系统研究

采用调查法、试验法、专家访谈法、数理统计方法,当前运动训练专业篮球专修课程3学年6个学期进行阶段性评估和分类,从62个测评项目中筛选出24个项目,分类逐级排列,并精确计算出达标标准及技评方法标准,按计划大纲进度要求进行考评。使教学过程始终处于反馈调控之下,较全面地掌握教学活动中各种因素相互变化的基本规律,促进了教学过程的优化和教学质量的提高。     

我国国民体质监测的现状与对策

采用文献资料法对我国国民体质监测中存在的主要问题及原因进行了分析,提出了应当采取的相应对策和建议。为尽快建立适合我国国情的科学的国民体质监测体系和网络,提高群众体育工作的管理水平,促进社会发展发挥重要作用。     

Arm coordination in elite backstroke swimmers

Abstract

In this study, we assessed arm coordination in the backstroke over increasing speeds by adapting the index of coordination originally used in the front crawl. Fourteen elite male backstroke swimmers swam four trials of 25 m at the speeds corresponding to the 400-m, 200-m, 100-m, and 50-m events. The six phases of the arm stroke were identified by video analysis and then used to calculate the index of coordination, which corresponded to the time between the propulsive phases of the two arms. With increases in speed, the elite swimmers increased the stroke rate, the relative duration of their arm pull, and their index of coordination, and decreased the distance per stroke (P < 0.05). Arm coordination was always in catch-up (index of coordination of ?12.9%) because the alternating body-roll and the small shoulder flexibility did not allow the opposition or superposition coordination seen in the front crawl. This new method also quantified the relative duration of the hand's lag time at the thigh, which did not change (～2%) with increasing speed for the elite swimmers. The index of coordination enables coaches to assess mistakes in backstroke coordination, particularly in the hand's lag time at the thigh.     

不同振动负荷训练对田径运动员核心关节、肌力的影响研究

以田径运动员作为研究对象,通过对田径运动员力量训练研究发现,运动员们长期将体能力量的训练放在四肢上,忽略了身体其他核心部位的肌力训练。这种身体内部的非平衡状态破坏了运动员潜在能力的发挥,使得力量在运动员运动过程当中难以爆发出来,这也解释了为什么许多运动员在器械运动训练当中表现不俗,而在运动场上却发挥失衡的原因。因此,希望本研究能够为将来运动员的振动力量训练提供一定的参考。     

Generic anthropometric and performance characteristics among elite adolescent boys in nine different sports

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Flemish Sports Compass (FSC), a non-sport-specific generic testing battery. It was hypothesised that a set of 22 tests would have sufficient discriminant power to allocate athletes to their own sport based on a unique combination of test scores. First, discriminant analyses were applied to the 22 tests of anthropometry, physical fitness and motor coordination in 141 boys under age 18 (16.1 ± 0.8 years) and post age at peak height velocity (maturity offset = 2.674 ± 0.926) from Flemish Top Sport Academies for badminton, basketball, gymnastics, handball, judo, soccer, table tennis, triathlon and volleyball. Second, nine sequential discriminant analyses were used to assess the ability of a set of relevant performance characteristics classifying participants and non-participants for the respective sports. Discriminant analyses resulted in a 96.4% correct classification of all participants for the nine different sports. When focusing on relevant performance characteristics, 80.1% to 97.2% of the total test sample was classified correctly within their respective disciplines. The discriminating characteristics were briefly the following: flexibility in gymnastics, explosive lower-limb strength in badminton and volleyball, speed and agility in badminton, judo, soccer and volleyball, upper-body strength in badminton, basketball and gymnastics, cardiorespiratory endurance in triathletes, dribbling skills in handball, basketball and soccer and overhead-throwing skills in badminton and volleyball. The generic talent characteristics of the FSC enable the distinction of adolescent boys according to their particular sport. Implications for talent programmes are discussed.     

力量训练方式发展研究

随着力量训练方法手段的不断细化与发展,力量训练经过了传统力量训练到电刺激训练又向具有时代性的振动力量、核心力量和功能性力量训练方向发展,新兴力量训练方式的出现使得教练员在力量训练中不能很好地理解各种力量训练的优缺点及针对性,以致在训练中盲目追求新兴的力量训练方法而忽视针对运动员所需力量提高的要求。本研究目的在于阐述几种力量训练方式的产生及应用,分析几种不同力量训练方式在针对提高运动员力量过程中的优缺点,以便教练员在力量训练中选择适宜的力量训练手段,达到提高专项成绩的目的。