高校理科教师在科技创新中的优势和作用探讨

在科技强国的大形势下,理科教师作为高校重要群体,如何在科技创新中发挥自己的作用是值得思考的问题。本文从理科教师自身的特点出发,探讨了高校理科教师如何发挥优势、如何进行合作以增强其在科技创新中的作用等问题;同时,从外部环境的角度探讨了科研管理部门在促进理科教师参与科研创新中的作用。     

Alkaptonuric ochronosis: Report of a case and brief review

Alkaptonuria, a metabolic disorder characterized by a triad of homogentisic aciduria, arthritis and ochronosis is one of the first conditions in the charter of group of inborn errors of metabolism proposed to have Mendelian recessive inheritance. It is due to the deficiency of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisic acid to maleylacetoacetic acid in the catabolism of tyrosine. Homogentisic acid thus accumulates in cells and body fluids and its oxidized polymers bind to collagen, leading to progressive deposition of grey to bluish black pigment resulting in degenerative changes in cartilage, intervertebral disc and other connective tissues, leading to arthritis which is the only disabling effect in an affected older individual. However the diagnosis can be made in neonates when blackish stain is noticed in an unwashed diaper. Alkaptonuria is treated symptomatically, surgical intervention necessitates in advanced stages, treatment with ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and dietary restrictions of food containing phenylalanine and tyrosine have proved to be successful in alleviating the symptoms.     

专业技能由“懂”到“会”的“三步曲”

专业技能的获得与提升都有一个由＂懂＂到＂会＂、由＂会＂到＂熟＂、由＂熟＂生＂巧＂的过程,在这个专业技能的＂成长链＂之中,有一个十分重要的环节,那就是＂通＂。本文所提到的＂融会贯通＂——＂触类旁通＂——＂无师自通＂的三个环节能够为提升专业技能的人们提供有益的参考。     

中央国债登记结算公司自主化培训体系探析

在企业纷纷加大培训投入的情况下,如何促进员工自觉开展学习,成为了众多企业普遍面临的一大新课题。本文通过作者的亲身实践,全面剖析了中央国债登记结算有限责任公司建立员工自主化培训学习体系的经验,主要包括四方面内容:一是建立自助培训制度,鼓励员工自我学习;二是搭建网络培训平台,让员工随时随地轻松学习;三是鼓励在实践中学习,让员工在工作中自我提升;四是建立多渠道的内部知识分享机制,促使员工共同进步。本文还对该自主化培训体系的实施效果进行了实证分析。     

内蒙古自治区奈曼旗土地利用变化预测研究

该文以奈曼旗1995年~1999年的土地利用数据为基础，结合人口和国内生产总值增长的驱动作用，采用GKSIM模型对奈曼旗的土地利用变化趋势进行模拟分析。模拟结果显示，奈曼旗的林地面积将从1995年的171171 hm2增加到2015年的197363 hm2；以耕地和园地为主的农业用地面积基本稳定在18000 hm2的水平；草地面积在近几年的下降后基本保持稳定，约为98000 hm2；非农业用地持续增加，到2015年达到31000 hm2。其它用地面积从1995年的326759 hm2下降到302655 hm2。土地利用变化的基本趋势预示着，未来15a，奈曼旗的生态环境将在总体保持稳定的基础上有所改善。     

创造性资产寻求、子公司影响力与逆向知识转移

我国海外投资企业日益关注东道国创造性资产寻求,希望借此实现自主创新能力提升,那么如何获取东道国知识资源成为亟待解决的难题。在外商在华FDI活动中,我国企业往往借助知识和技术溢出效应获取资源和提升技术水平,而在我国向发达国家的OFDI活动中,这一方式则不太适用,我国企业需要更具主动性和针对性的知识获取途径和共享模式,而由海外子公司向母公司的针对性逆向知识转移则更能有效满足我国企业的特定资源需求,并有助于我国企业实现自主创新能力提升。本文试图从逆向知识转移方式出发,探究其作为我国企业获取东道国创造性资产路径的可行性,同时深入研究其影响因素和内在作用机制。为揭示我国跨国公司母公司微观因素对逆向知识转移的推动作用,本文围绕母公司战略因素和子公司逆向知识转移评价设计问卷,以我国海外投资企业问卷调研数据为基础,采用中介效应检验和结构方程模型探究了母公司国际化动因,子公司影响力对逆向知识转移的影响作用。实证结果证实以上两类因素对逆向转移的应用和创新效果具有促进作用,其中国际化动因体现为对海外创造性资产寻求的重视程度,子公司影响力从母公司对子公司的战略、文化和股权控制三方面实现对逆向知识转移的显著影响,而创造性资产的影响作用还通过转移意愿的中介效应体现,子公司影响力则借由渠道建设的中介作用实现。最后综合实证分析和华为案例佐证的结论,本文构建基于母公司战略和子公司影响力、转移意愿和渠道建设的逆向知识转移作用机制,为我国企业实践提供对策建议：（1）鼓励我国海外投资企业关注创造性资产寻求,尤其关注东道国技术、管理、市场和文化知识。（2）鼓励创造性资产寻求动因,提高对子公司的战略、文化和股权控制水平,提升子公司绩效对母公司的影响力,借以促进子公司逆向转移意愿;同时借由母公司控制程度提升,激励子公司完善渠道建设,实现基于编码和人员的双轨道知识转移系统,从而促进逆向转移效果。（3）增强全资子公司或控股合资等高控制度的海外市场进入模式实现更高水平的股权控制,同时通过对子公司的统一战略规划和资源支持加强其战略控制水平,通过构建更具内部凝聚力和控制力的强文化体系来加强对子公司的文化影响。（4）不仅关注逆向知识转移后的知识应用过程,更关注知识再创新和自主创新过程,实现后发国家的技术追赶。     

探索型课堂策略初探

在“减负增效”的教育背景下．教师怎样做才能让学生由被动学习转为主动学习、勇于探究、增强掌握知识的能力呢？在此过程中．教师应尊重学生的人格,并根据青少年身心发展的特点．创设能引导学生主动参与的教育环境．使每位学生都能在和谐、愉悦的氛围中调动积极性、激发创造激情,在课堂中培养探索精神,克服困难,不断探索,勇攀科学高峰。     

Promoting Nigerian agriculture through library and information services

Librarians and information workers should participate actively in disseminating agricultural information to farmers in Nigeria using audio-visual materials and Information Communication Technologies. This paper looks into the role of information in boosting food and cash crops production in Nigeria. It highlights the problems associated with information dissemination to farmers in the country. Better agricultural practice and high associated yields can, however, be realized in the country through the provision of relevant agricultural information to farmers. Librarians and information workers in the country should make useful agricultural information available, and on time via researchers, agricultural extension agents or direct to farmers; using audio-visual materials as a way of contributing to improve on the current food insecurity. Agricultural information delivered in the language of the farmers is likely to yield positive results.     

土壤中多环芳烃生物有效性及其评价方法

多环芳烃(PAHs)是中国土壤中广泛存在的一类具有致癌、致畸、致突变等危害的持久性有机污染物,其在环境中降解缓慢,具有生物累积性,并可通过食物链传递、放大,对人体健康构成很大威胁,因此迫切需要开展其生物有效性及生态风险相关研究. 本文研究了农田污染土壤中14种中到高疏水性PAHs在植物体内的吸收、累积及从根部向茎叶部分的传输. 结果表明中到高疏水性的有机污染物如PAHs可在植物体内发生从根向茎叶的传输,向茎叶传输的量与化合物的疏水性之间存在显著的线性定量关系;同时,一种新型半渗透膜采样装置——三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜(TECAM)被成功地应用于土壤中PAHs的采集及其对植物(Triticum aestivum L.)和蚯蚓(Eisenia andrei)的生物有效性,结果表明:TECAM对土壤中PAHs的采样可在48h内达到表观平衡,大大缩短了土壤中有机污染物的采样时间;TECAM可反映PAHs在土壤中的残留时间、土壤有机质及溶解有机碳含量对PAHs生物有效性的影响;TECAM内PAHs浓度与蚯蚓体内浓度存在显著的线性相关关系;与化学提取方法相比,TECAM采集的PAHs不仅在浓度上与小麦根中浓度存在显著线性相关关系,而且TECAM采集的PAHs量也与小麦根富集的量相当;进一步提出了"土壤-孔隙水-TECAM"三室模型,并成功地描述了TECAM采集土壤中PAHs的三相平衡过程;此外,TECAM采样对土壤扰动小,操作简单,因此是采集土壤中有机污染物以及评价土壤中有机污染物生物有效性的有效方法.     

The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia, 1943–80 1

Abstract

As Australia and other countries seek to establish biotechnology industries, it is timely to review successes and failures in this field. One of the most notable stories is the development of penicillin, as a wartime project, to which Australians made major contributions. Australians during and immediately after the war contributed much to the scientific identification and purification of penicillin, and to the industrial scaling up in its production at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories in Melbourne. This was a classic instance of war accelerating innovations in public administration. Yet the nascent antibiotic industry was never allowed to gain international competitiveness, and was allowed to run down and eventually disappeared by the end of the 1970s. This article is concerned to tease out the puzzle posed by this contrast in aspirations, between the highest levels of scientific and technical achievement in bringing penicillin into widespread use (Australia being the first country in the world to provide penicillin to the civilian population in 1944) and shockingly poor performance in sustaining and developing a national antibiotics industry. As the stirrings of a biotechnology industry may be observed in the first decade of the twenty‐first century, it would be unfortunate to ignore the lessons of this earlier experience at the birth of the biotechnology era.     

Ontology for knowledge management in software maintenance

The concept of ontologies has been widely reported in the literature, and has been described various ontological designs, but few works try to explain in practical terms how to design an ontology. On the other side, although it is widely accepted the importance of maintenance of software products, few ontological designs focus on applying techniques to manage knowledge to get it. This paper analyzes the ontologies proposed to address this need, in order to present information that can help to software development organizations in similar works. Besides, is described a methodological process to structure an ontology that can be applied to manage knowledge in software maintenance.     

高校图书馆引入服务营销管理之探讨

本文论述了高校图书馆如何通过引进服务营销的管理理念,改革办馆管理理念,优化馆藏结构,改善读者服务工作,以吸引更多读者,提高文献的利用率。这种管理改变了过去以文献为中心的管理方式,进一步明确了图书馆藏以致用的原则,大大方便了读者,真正体现出图书馆以读者需求为本的现代服务理念。     

孝道——一种自然主义的解释

从进化心理学的角度看,儒家的孝道让人很费解。孝道要求个人将资源优先分给父母,而非子女。我们试图为儒家文化中孝道思想体系的兴起和成功,提供一种自然主义的解释。我们假设,孝道思想意在通过使父母从子女身上获取更多资源而让父母受益,父母这样获取的资源比亲子冲突理论所预测的要多。文章对孝道运用历史上有影响的早期儒家著作,表明孝道板具可塑性,而且孝道还衍生出关于生育习性和择偶的特殊义务。然后,文章分析了进化心理学最近一些实验的结论,证实了以下假设,即在子女的择偶问题上,子女和父母的偏好具有与亲子冲突理论相一致的不对称性。在此基础上,笔者把这些结果和几种跨文化数据进行对比,结果显示,与世界其他地区相比,在东亚受儒家文明影响的文化中,子女在最重要的人生选择上——如何寻求配偶,与谁结婚——更频繁地顺从于父母。对这种现象最好的解释,是诉诸孔孟之道下的儒家孝道思想体系及其在中国文化中的有效传播。文章意在中国思想史研究领域开启跨学科方法之先河,以求更好地理解儒学思想在中国历史上的成功。     

基于推拉理论的农民工定居地选择意愿的实证研究

首先运用推拉理论从理论上分析哪些因素影响农民工定居地选择意愿,然后利用河南省汝州市187个外出打工农民样本数据,运用Logistic模型分析方法,进行实证检验。结果显示,农民工收入越高和年龄越小越倾向于在打工城市定居;外地人子女入学受歧视和老家经营的耕地面积大,倾向于回农村老家定居;打工城市为省会城市、直辖市和中心镇与对照组地级市或县城比较,在打工城市定居的意愿会下降;打工城市位于东部或是西部地区较对照组中部地区比较,在打工城市定居的意愿也会下降。最后,提出了相关建议。     

“活动”创造英语教学的“魅力”

喜欢活动、需要快乐是小学生的天性．这中间包含了他们对未来的追求．对人生乐趣的渴望。在活动化教学活动中,他们要摸、要闻、要尝、要听、要唱、要跳、要画、要写：在和伙伴们一起活动时,要说话、要进行思想交流、要模仿别人,要探索、要创造、要驰骋于想象的天地。他们积极参与其问,兴趣盎然,领悟了学习的喜悦,获得了成功的满足．从而充分发挥了个性．提高了他们的全面素质．     

Global E-Commerce: Impacts of National Environment and Policy,edited by Kenneth L. Kraemer,Jason Dedrick,Nigel P. Melville,and Kevin Zhu. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. xxii + 444 pp. $75.00 cloth. ISBN 0-521-84822-9

The potential of public Internet-based B2B (business-to-business) e-commerce applications to facilitate access to global markets and to reduce market entry barriers is a dominant theme in the burgeoning literature on e-commerce and international development. It is often assumed that these applications will enable producer firms in developing countries to benefit from reductions in the transaction costs they must incur to participate in international trade. Drawing on data from a detailed analysis of 117 B2B e-hubs in the garments/apparel and agriculture/horticulture sectors, it is argued in this article that the kinds of transaction-related support services available at these online trading platforms are more limited in their scope and functionality than is often assumed in the literature on B2B e-commerce development. The findings suggest that the mere application of, and access to, technologies such as the public Internet and the World Wide Web is not likely to enable a reduction in overall transaction costs that is sufficient to facilitate entry into new global markets by developing country producer firms.     

Does This Site Deliver? B2B E-Commerce Services for Developing Countries

The potential of public Internet-based B2B (business-to-business) e-commerce applications to facilitate access to global markets and to reduce market entry barriers is a dominant theme in the burgeoning literature on e-commerce and international development. It is often assumed that these applications will enable producer firms in developing countries to benefit from reductions in the transaction costs they must incur to participate in international trade. Drawing on data from a detailed analysis of 117 B2B e-hubs in the garments/apparel and agriculture/horticulture sectors, it is argued in this article that the kinds of transaction-related support services available at these online trading platforms are more limited in their scope and functionality than is often assumed in the literature on B2B e-commerce development. The findings suggest that the mere application of, and access to, technologies such as the public Internet and the World Wide Web is not likely to enable a reduction in overall transaction costs that is sufficient to facilitate entry into new global markets by developing country producer firms.     

中国北方农牧交错带贫困动态——基于贫困距离指数的分析

科学准确地评估中国北方农牧交错带的贫困动态对该区的可持续发展具有重要意义。为此,本文采用贫困距离指数,在整体、局部和旗县三个尺度上分析了该区2000—2014年的贫困动态。结果表明,在县域尺度,2000—2014年中国北方农牧交错带所有贫困县均脱贫。全区贫困县减少了167个,贫困县人口减少了4569.76万。贫困缓解与经济发展密切相关。其中,公共财政收入与脱贫县贫困距离指数相关性最大（R=-0.51,P<0.01）。在快速脱贫过程中,该区居民收入分配的不公平加剧。脱贫地区城乡居民收入差距增长了2.11倍,脱贫地区旗县间人均收入的变异系数增长了41.67%。因此,建议在中国北方农牧交错带进一步精准扶贫时,应该注意收入分配公平问题,减少贫富差距,从而实现区域真正的可持续发展。     

我国行星化学学科发展现状与展望

半个世纪以来,行星化学一直是欧美以及日本等主要科技强国最活跃的科学研究前沿之一。但是,由于种种限制,我国的行星化学一直没有得到充足发展。这种状况和我国的航天大国地位并不相称,也会成为我国建成航天强国目标的阻碍之一。因此,在全国各大重点院校进行行星化学学科建设迫在眉睫。基于行星化学学科对于深空探测的重要性,文章将着眼于行星化学学科的内涵,探讨行星化学学科的独特性,比较国内外学科建设的差距,提出我国行星化学学科建设的建议。     

信息能力视角下的高校检索课课改——基于选课学生的问卷分析

良好的信息能力是大学生由接受被动式教育向自主性学习,进而向终身学习转变的必要条件。本文以湖北民族学院2013年春季学期选修过《信息检索》课的普通本科学生为调查样本,测评他们的信息能力及其信息检索行为与习惯,并检验《信息检索》课程效果。研究发现,该校大学生信息能力堪忧,《信息检索》课改空间大。提出实施《信息检索》课改时,尤其应关注教学层面、领导层面、行业指导层面、授课教师权益保障层面等四方面的问题。